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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Jpn Psychol Res. 2018 Jul 19;60(4):347–373. doi: 10.1111/jpr.12206

Table 2.

Summary of the populations investigated in the reviewed articles and overview of the experimental protocols.

First author Population (n= number of participants; age in years ± SD) Experimental protocol
Behavioural task Conditions Study design
Number of blocks; block duration
Atsumori et al. 2010 - Healthy young adults (n=6; 29.7 ± 3.3) - NW
- DTW + attention
demanding task		 - Rest
- Control (NW)
- Task		 - 1 block; 20 s.
- 6 blocks; 10 s.
- 5 blocks; 10 s.
Balardin et al. 2017 - Healthy young adults (n=1; 30) - Playing
table tennis		 - Rest
- Forehand
- Predictable
- Unpredictable		 - 10 blocks; 30 s.
- 10 blocks; 20 s.
- 10 blocks; 20 s.
- 10 blocks; 20 s.
- Healthy young adults (n=1; 26) - Continuous monitoring in everyday life - Everyday life activities - Continuous; 4 h.
Doi et al. 2013 - MCI old adults (n=16; 75.4 ± 7.2) - NW
- DTW + verbal letter
fluency task		 - Pre-task rest
- Task
- Rest		 - 3 blocks; 10 s.
- 3 blocks; 20 s.
- 3 blocks; 30 s.
Maidan et al. 2016 - Old adults with Parkinson’s Disease (n=68; 71.6 ± 0.9); - Healthy old adults (n=28; 70.4 ± 0.9) - NW
- DTW + serial
subtraction
- DTW + negotiating
obstacles		 - Rest
- Task		 - 5 blocks; 20 s.
- 5 blocks; 30 s.
McKendrick et al. 2016 - Healthy young adults (n=20; 18-29) - DTW + auditory 1
-back task
- DTW + scenery
probe		 - Rest
- Task
 - 47 blocks;
minimum 15 s.
- 37 blocks; 60 s.
- 10 blocks; 30 s.
McKendrick et al. 2017 - Healthy young adults (n=13; mean=22; range 19-31) - Sitting + auditory 1-
back task
- DTW indoor +
auditory 1-back task
- DTW outdoor +
auditory 1-back task		 - Task - 4 blocks; 120 s.
- 2 blocks: 120 s.
- 2 blocks, 120 s.
Mirelaman et al. 2014 - Healthy young adults (n=23; 30.9 ± 3.7) - NW
- DTW + counting forward
- DTW + serial subtraction
- Standing + serial subtraction		 - Rest
- Task		 - 6 blocks; 20 s.
- 5 blocks; 30 s/30 m.
Nieuwhof et al. 2016 - Old adults with Parkinson’s Disease (n=12; 70.1 ± 5.4) - DTW + counting forward
- DTW + serial subtraction
- DTW + reciting
digit span		 - Rest
- Task		 - 6 blocks; 20 s.
- 5 blocks; 40 s.
Pinti et al. 2015 - Healthy young adults (n=1; 24) - DTW +
ongoing task
- DTW + PM		 - Rest
- Ongoing task
- Non-social PM task
- Social PM task		 - 2 blocks; 60 s.
- 2 blocks; ~5 min.
- 1 block; ~5 min.
- 1 block; ~5 min.
Takeuchi et al. 2016 - Healthy young adults (n=16; 25.9 ± 4.4) - Healthy old adults (n=15; 71.7 ± 3.3) - DTW + playing Touch the numbers - Rest
- Task		 - 6 blocks; 30 s.
- 15 blocks; 10 s.

Note. Abbreviations: NW = Normal walking; DTW = Dual-task walking; MCI = Mild cognitive impairment; PM = Prospective memory.