Anti‐cerebral ischaemic effect of Nef in rats subjected to pMCAO. Nef and EGb761 were both administered intragastrically 15 min prior to MCAO and 6 h after MCAO. (A–C) Effects of Nef on infarct volume and neurological deficits (n = 10). Angiography (D, panel a), cerebral blood flow (D, panel b, E) and infarct volume (D, panel c, F) were determined by nuclear magnetism (n = 5). Neuron, astrocyte and microvascular were observed with an electron microscope (n = 5) (G). Data are expressed as the mean ± SD and were analysed by ANOVA. *P < 0.05.