Table 3.

Univariable associations in the PD group and HC group between vascular risk score (VRS) and demographics, motor and non-motor features, and white matter hyperintensity scores (root-transformed). MDS-UPDRS=Movement Disorders Society Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale. GDS-15=15-item Geriatric Depression Scale. Results shown are from linear regression models.

	PD (n=141)		HC (n=63)
Variable	β (95% CI)	p- value	β (95% CI)	p-value
Demographics and Clinical Measures
Age	1.60 (1.36, 1.84)	<0.001	1.97 (1.61, 2.33)	<0.001
Education	−0.015 (−0.120, 0.089)	0.773	−0.019 (−0.154, 0.116)	0.783
MDS-UPDRS part I	−0.027 (−0.085, 0.030)	0.353	0.015 (−0.040, 0.070)	0.584
MDS-UPDRS part II	0.019 (−0.149, 0.187)	0.172	0.068 (0.017, 0.118)	0.009
MDS-UPDRS part III (motor subscale)	0.213 (−0.094, 0.521)	0.157	0.227 (0.089, 0.365)	0.002
GDS-15	−0.036 (−0.115, 0.043)	0.367	0.051; (−0.032, 0.133)	0.225
MoCA	−0.066 (−0.144, 0.011)	0.092	−0.034 (−0.091,0.0214)	0.222
HLVT delayed	−0.165 (−0.241, −0.089)	<0.001	−0.082 (−0.200; 0.037)	0.174
HLVT recognition	−0.071 (−0.112, −0.030)	0.001	−0.040 (−0.079, −0.0002)	0.049
JOLO	−0.054 (−0.201, 0.093)	0.469	0.054 (−0.065, 0.172)	0.370
LNS	−0.164 (−0.251, −0.076)	<0.001	−0.140 (−0.250, −0.0296)	0.014
Semantic fluency	−0.930 (−1.32, −0.544)	<0.001	−1.10 (−1.73, −0.464)	0.001
Verbal fluency	−0.057 (−0.242, 0.128)	0.543	−0.208 (−0.406, −0.010)	0.040
SDMT	−0.667 (−0.983, −0.350)	<0.001	−1.48 (−1.92, −1.03)	<0.001
White Matter Hyperintensity scores
Total WM	0.214 (0.045, 0.383)	0.013	0.292 (−0.016, 0.60)	0.063
Frontal WM	0.229 (0.088, 0.369)	0.002	0.178 (−0.026, 0.382)	0.085
Temporal WM	0.212 (0.078, 0.345)	0.002	0.306 (0.035, 0.578)	0.027
Parietal WM	0.076 (−0.046, 0.198)	0.218	0.228 (−0.009, 0.466)	0.059
Occipital WM	0.037 (−0.087, 0.160)	0.559	0.038 (−0.151; 0.228)	0.688