Table 3.

Associations between level of crowding (LOS and EDV) and short term mortality and hospitalization: number of visits (n), number of outcome (outcome), Crude Odds Ratio (Crude OR), Adjusted Odds Ratio (adj OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI)

LOS in ED	N	Outcome	Crude OR	95% CI	Adj OR	95% CI
Hospitalization
< 1 h	577,227	11,464	1		1
1–2 h	832,983	14,668	1.68	1.63–1.73	1.71	1.66–1.76
2–5 h	362,717	7798	1.49	1.45–1.53	1.38	1.34–1.43
> 5 h	571,645	6800	1.83	1.77–1.89	1.45	1.40–1.50
Mortality
< 1 h	571,645	185	1		1
1–2 h	577,227	307	1.64	1.37–1.97	1.15	0.96–1.38
2–5 h	832,983	900	3.34	2.85–3.91	1.41	1.20–1.66
> 5 h	362,717	880	7.51	6.41–8.80	1.78	1.51–2.11
EDV	n	Outcome	Crude OR	95% CI	Adj OR**	95% CI
Hospitalization
< 75th percentile	1,842,420	31,601	1		1
75th–95th percentile	409,628	7387	1.05	1.03–1.08	1.02	0.99–1.05
>95th percentile	92,524	1742	1.10	1.05–1.15	1.06	1.01–1.11
Mortality
< 75th percentile	1,842,420	1759	1		1
75th–95th percentile	409,628	412	1.05	0.95–1.17	0.96	0.86–1.07
> 95th percentile	92,524	101	1.14	0.94–1.40	1.03	0.84–1.26

*Adjusted for gender, age, comorbidities, time band, weekend/holiday vs. weekday, number of visits in ED, reported symptoms and triage