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. 2019 Jan 11;9:62. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-37303-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Left, diagrams describe total time of object exploration during the testing phase. (a,b,c) No difference was present among the different groups at all ages tested (One-Way ANOVA, P40: p = 0.372, F(2,22) = 1.036 for 1 h and p = 0.686, F(2,18) = 0.384 for 24 h; P100: p = 0.309, F(2,19) = 1.250 for 1 h and p = 0.531, F(2,21) = 0.653 for 24 h; P180: p = 0.194, F(2,19) = 1.792 for 1 h and p = 0.526, F(2,22) = 0.661 for 24 h). Right, histograms display object discrimination indexes (DIs) of CrT^+/y, nes-CrT^+/y and nes-CrT^−/y during the testing phase performed after a delay of 1 and 24 h at different ages. (a) P40. The experimental groups (CrT^+/y: n = 10, nes-CrT^+/y: n = 8 and nes-CrT^−/y: n = 6) can recognize the new object in the test both at 1 h (One Way ANOVA, p = 0.916, F(2,21) = 0.088) and at 24 h (p = 0.183, F(2,18) = 1.868). (b) P100. While the three experimental groups can recall the memory of the familiar object in the test at 1 h (One Way ANOVA, p = 0.671, F(2,19) = 0.408), a significantly lower discrimination index was found in nes-CrT^–/y mice (n = 6) compared to CrT^+/y (n = 10) and nes-CrT^+/y animals at 24 h (n = 9; One Way ANOVA, p < 0.05, F(2,22) = 5.064, post hoc Holm Sidak method p < 0.05 for both comparisons). (c) P180. A significant deficit of both short (One Way ANOVA, p < 0.05, F(2,19) = 5.662; post hoc Holm Sidak method p < 0.05 for both comparisons) and long-term memory (One Way ANOVA, p < 0.05, F(2,22) = 3.990; post hoc Holm Sidak method p < 0.05 for both comparisons) was detected in mutant mice (n = 6) compared to controls (CrT^+/y: n = 11, nes-CrT^+/y: n = 9). Symbols refer to post-hoc Holm Sidak comparisons between nes-CrT^−/y mice and the genotype corresponding to the column on which the symbol is located: *p < 0.05. Error bars, s.e.m.