Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2019 Jan 11;9:62. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-37303-1

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Left, learning curves for CrT^+/y (white), nes-CrT^+/y mice (grey) and nes-CrT^–/y (black) at P40 (a; CrT^+/y: n = 10, nes-CrT^+/y: n = 5, nes-CrT^−/y: n = 5), P100 (b; CrT^+/y: n = 7, nes-CrT^+/y: n = 5, nes-CrT^−/y: n = 5), P180 (c; CrT^+/y: n = 9, nes-CrT^+/y: n = 6, nes-CrT^−/y: n = 5) and P365 (d; CrT^+/y: n = 12, nes-CrT^+/y: n = 14, nes-CrT^−/y: n = 12). No significant difference was detected along the training phase at P40 (Two way RM ANOVA, interaction genotype x day p = 0.999, F(10,85) = 0.127), P100 (interaction genotype x day p = 0.464, F(10,70) = 0.986) and P180 (Two way RM ANOVA on rank transformed data, interaction genotype x day p = 0.748, F(10,85) = 0.671). In contrast, 1-year old nes-CrT^−/y animals were poorer learners with respect to control groups, with a significantly longer distance covered at day 5 and 6 of training (Two way RM ANOVA, interaction genotype x day p < 0.05, F(10, 175) = 2.334; post hoc Holm-Sidak method, p < 0.05 for all comparisons at day 5, p < 0.01 vs. CrT^+/y, p < 0.05 vs. nes-CrT^+/y at day 6). Right, histograms showing the mean time percentage spent in the four quadrants during the probe trial. No significant difference among the three groups was present at P40 (a; Two way RM ANOVA, interaction genotype x quadrant p = 0.985, F(6,51) = 0.167), P100 (b; interaction genotype x quadrant p = 0.856, F(6,42) = 0.428) and P180 (c; interaction genotype x quadrant p = 0.985, F(6,51) = 0.166). At all ages, CrT^+/y, nes-CrT^+/y, nes-CrT^–/y spent significantly more time in the NE* target quadrant (Two way RM ANOVA, post hoc Holm Sidak method, p < 0.05 for all comparisons). At P365 (d), a Two-Way RM ANOVA detected a significant interaction genotype x quadrant (p < 0.05, F(6,105) = 2.534): post hoc Holm-Sidak multiple comparisons revealed that nes-CrT^−/y mice did not show any preference for the target quadrant (p = 0.296 NE* vs. SO, p = 0.850 NE* vs SE, p = 0.060 NE* vs. NO), while CrT^+/y and nes-CrT^+/y spent significantly more time in the NE* target quadrant (p < 0.01 for all comparisons in CrT^+/y, p < 0.001 for all comparisons in nes-CrT^+/y). The percentage of time spent in the target quadrant was shorter in nes-CrT^−/y mice than in the other two control groups (p < 0.05 for both comparisons). Representative examples of the swimming path during the probe session for a CrT^+/y, a nes-CrT^+/y and a nes-CrT^−/y mouse are also depicted. Symbols refer to post-hoc Holm Sidak comparisons between nes-CrT^−/y mice and the genotype corresponding to the column on which the symbol is located: *p < 0.05. Error bars, s.e.m.