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. 2019 Jan 11;10:145. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-08014-y

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — Evolution of sex determination in Gasterosteidae fishes. Hypothetical processes involved in the evolution of the XY sex determination system in the Pungitius genus are shown in the boxes. The green shading on the Eastern and Western clades indicates the evolution of the inversion and sterility factor. The blue and orange colors in the phylogenetic tree represent different chromosomal origins of the inversion region. The branch leading to the P. pungitius lineages in the Western clade is indicated in orange to represent the ancestral condition prior to the hybridization event shown in the purple box. Phylogeny and sex determination are based on this and earlier studies^{15, 21, 22, 47, 70}. Sex-determining chromosomes are underlined, and heteromorphic sex chromosomes are indicated in italic. Divergence times based on fossil records⁷⁰ and mitochondrial divergence are shown in italics (in millions of years)