Figure 2.

Cancer derived exosomes-mediated cellular process signaling. Tumor exosomes carry proteins and nucleic acids and are released into tumor microenvironment. They could be uptaken by recipient cells to stimulate tumor growth and metastasis. After drug treatment, exosomes, if they derived from drug resistance cells, can also transmit the resistant feature to recipient cells to mediate resistance. Furthermore, exosomes can stimulate immune response to inhibit immune cells response in general, while increase immunogenicity to improve anti-tumor effect under some specific stress conditions.