Table 1.
Estimates of Spontaneous Nuclear Base Substitution and Small Insertion–Deletion (Indels) Mutation Rates from MA Experiments Using High-Throughput Sequencing Approaches
| Species | Kingdom | Group | Ne | Average MA Gens. | μtotal (/site/gen) | μbs (/site/gen) | μindel (/site/gen) | Ratio μbs:μindel | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prokaryotes | |||||||||
| Bacillus subtilis | Bacteria | Terrabacteria | — | 5,645 | — | 3.28 × 10−10 | — | — | Sung et al. (2015) |
| Burkholderia cenocepacia | Bacteria | Proteobacteria | — | 5,554 | 1.50 × 10−10 | 1.33 × 10−10 | 1.68 × 10−11 | 8:1 | Dillon et al. (2015) |
| Deinococcus radiodurans | Bacteria | Terrabacteria | — | 5,961 | 5.21 × 10−10 | 4.99 × 10−10 | 2.17 × 10−11 | 23:1 | Long et al. (2015) |
| Escherichia coli K12 | Bacteria | Proteobacteria | — | 6,000 | 2.38 × 10−10 | 2.20 × 10−10 | 1.81 × 10−11 | 12:1 | Lee et al. (2012) |
| Escherichia coli K12 | Bacteria | Proteobacteria | — | 6,114 | — | 3.12 × 10−10 | 3.12 × 10−11 | 10:1 | Foster et al. (2015) |
| Mesoplasma florum L1 | Bacteria | Terrabacteria | — | 2,351 | 1.16 × 10−8 | 9.78 × 10−9 | 1.85 × 10−9 | 5:1 | Sung, Ackerman, et al. (2012); Sung et al. (2015) |
| Mycobacterium smegmatisa | Bacteria | Terrabacteria | — | ∼49,000 | 6.54 × 10−10 | 5.27 × 10−10 | 1.27 × 10−10 | 4:1 | Kucukyildirim et al. (2016) |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Bacteria | Proteobacteria | — | ∼2,500 | 9.30 × 10−11 | 7. 90 × 10−11 | 1.44 × 10−11 | 5:1 | Dettman et al. (2016) |
| Pseudomonas fluorescensa | Bacteria | Proteobacteria | — | 5,240 | 2.51 × 10−8 | 2.34 × 10−8 | 1.65 × 10−9 | 14:1 | Long et al. (2015) |
| Salmonella typhimurium LT2 | Bacteria | Proteobacteria | — | 5,000 | — | 7.00 × 10−10 | — | — | Lind and Andersson (2008) |
| Vibrio cholerae 2740–80 | Bacteria | Proteobacteria | — | 6,453 | 1.24 × 10−10 | 1.07 × 10−10 | 1.71 × 10−11 | 6:1 | Dillon et al. (2017) |
| Vibrio fischeri ES114 | Bacteria | Proteobacteria | — | 5,187 | 2.64 × 10−10 | 2.07 × 10−10 | 5.68 × 10−11 | 4:1 | Dillon et al. (2017) |
| Unicellular eukaryotes | |||||||||
| Bathycoccus prasinos | Eukaryota | Plants | 8.5 | 4,994 | 4.39 × 10−10 | 3.02 × 10−10 | 1.37 × 10−10 | 2:1 | Krasovec et al. (2017) |
| Chlamydomonas reinhardtii | Eukaryota | Plants | — | 1,730 | 1.11 × 10−10 | 6.76 × 10−11 | 4.36 × 10−11 | 2:1 | Sung, Ackerman, et al. (2012) |
| Chlamydomonas reinhardtii | Eukaryota | Plants | 6.5 | 940 | 1.15 × 10−9 | 9.63 × 10−10 | 1.90 × 10−10 | 5:1 | Ness et al. (2015) |
| Dictyostelium discoideum | Eukaryota | Protists | — | 1,000 | — | 2.90 × 10−11 | — | — | Saxer et al. (2012) |
| Micromonas pusilla | Eukaryota | Plants | 6 | 4,145 | 9.76 × 10−10 | 8.15 × 10−10 | 1.61 × 10−10 | 5:1 | Krasovec et al. (2017) |
| Ostreococcus mediterraneus | Eukaryota | Plants | 7 | 8,379 | 5.92 × 10−10 | 4.92 × 10−10 | 1.00 × 10−10 | 5:1 | Krasovec et al. (2017) |
| Ostreococcus tauri | Eukaryota | Plants | 8.5 | 17,250 | 4.79 × 10−10 | 4.19 × 10−10 | 6.00 × 10−11 | 7:1 | Krasovec et al. (2017) |
| Paramecium tetraurelia | Eukaryota | Protists | — | 3,300 | 2.33 × 10−11 | 1.94 × 10−11 | 3.87 × 10−12 | 5:1 | Sung, Tucker, et al. (2012) |
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Eukaryota | Fungi | 10 | 4,800 | 3.50 × 10−10 | 3.30 × 10−10 | 2.00 × 10−11 | 17:1 | Lynch et al. (2008) |
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Eukaryota | Fungi | — | 1,740 | 2.90 × 10−10 | 2.90 × 10−10 | 0 | — | Nishant et al. (2010) |
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Eukaryota | Fungi | — | 2,500 | 3.60 × 10−10 | 3.60 × 10−10 | 0 | — | Serero et al. (2014) |
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Eukaryota | Fungi | 10 | 2,062 | 1.72 × 10−10 | 1.67 × 10−10 | 5.03 × 10−12 | 33:1 | Zhu et al. (2014) |
| Schizosaccharomyces pombe | Eukaryota | Fungi | — | 1,700 | 2.73 × 10−10 | 2.13 × 10−10 | 6.00 × 10−11 | 4:1 | Farlow et al. (2015) |
| Schizosaccharomyces pombe | Eukaryota | Fungi | 10.3 | 1,952 | 3.40 × 10−10 | 1.70 × 10−10 | 1.70 × 10−10 | 1:1 | Behringer and Hall (2016) |
| Tetrahymena thermophila | Eukaryota | Protists | — | 1,000 | — | 7.61 × 10−12 | — | — | Long et al. (2016) |
| Multicellular eukaryotes | |||||||||
| Arabidopsis thaliana | Eukaryota | Plants | 1 | 30 | 8.40 × 10−9 | 7.10 × 10−9 | 1.30 × 10−9 | 5:1 | Ossowski et al. (2010) |
| Caenorhabditis briggsae | Eukaryota | Metazoa | 1 | 250 | — | 1.33 × 10−9 | — | — | Denver et al. (2012) |
| Caenorhabditis elegans | Eukaryota | Metazoa | 1 | 250 | — | 2.10 × 10−9 | — | — | Denver et al. (2009) |
| Caenorhabditis elegans | Eukaryota | Metazoa | 1 | 250 | — | 1.45 × 10−9 | — | — | Denver et al. (2012) |
| Daphnia pulex | Eukaryota | Metazoa | 1 | 128 | — | 3.80 × 10−9 | — | — | Keith et al. (2016) |
| Daphnia pulex | Eukaryota | Metazoa | 1 | 82 | — | 2.30 × 10−9 | — | — | Flynn et al. (2017) |
| Drosophila melanogaster | Eukaryota | Metazoa | 2 | 262 | 4.83 × 10−9 | 3.46 × 10−9 | 1.37 × 10−9 | 3:1 | Keightley et al. (2009) |
| Drosophila melanogaster | Eukaryota | Metazoa | 2 | 149 | 5.94 × 10−9 | 5.49 × 10−9 | 4.50 × 10−10 | 12:1 | Schrider et al. (2013) |
| Drosophila melanogasterb | Eukaryota | Metazoa | — | 60 | 6.00 × 10−9 | 5.21 × 10−9 | 7.90 × 10−10 | 7:1 | Huang et al. (2016) |
| Drosophila melanogaster | Eukaryota | Metazoa | 2 | 52 | 6.37 × 10−9 | 6.03 × 10−9 | 3.38 × 10−10 | 18:1 | Sharp and Agrawal (2016) |
| Drosophila melanogaster | Eukaryota | Metazoa | 2 | 36–53 | — | 4.90 × 10−9 | — | — | Assaf et al. (2017) |
| Mus musculus | Eukaryota | Metazoa | — | 20–21 | 5.71 × 10−9 | 5.40 × 10−9 | 3.10 × 10−10 | 17:1 | Uchimura et al. (2015) |
| Pristionchus pacificus | Eukaryota | Metazoa | 1 | 142 | — | 2.00 × 10−9 | — | — | Weller et al. (2014) |
a
Naturally occurring mutator strain.
b
Autosomal mutation rate only.