TABLE 1.
Baseline Sociodemographic Characteristics for Food-Secure Versus Food-Insecure Participants in the BPRHS
| Food Secure (n = 485) |
Food Insecurea (n = 248) |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) or M ± SD | n (%) or M ± SD | p | |
| Age | 57.3 ± 7.4 | 55.9 ± 7.2 | .02 |
| Female | 333 (68.7) | 190(76.6) | .02 |
| Income-to-poverty ratio | 137 ± 131 | 104 ± 71 | <.001 |
| ≤8th grade educational attainment | 221 (45.7) | 122 (49.2) | .36 |
| Currently employed | 102 (21.0) | 30(12.1) | .003 |
| Household size | 2.2 ± 1.3 | 2.4 ± 1.5 | .08 |
| SNAP participation | 140 (30.8) | 107 (45.0) | .0002 |
| Born outside continental US | 471 (97.1) | 242 (97.6) | .71 |
| Years living in US | 33.7 ± 11.6 | 33.3 ± 12.1 | .69 |
| Language acculturation scoreb | 22.6 ±21.7 | 24.3 ± 22.1 | .30 |
| Perceived stress scorec | 21.9 ± 9.3 | 27.3 ± 7.8 | <.001 |
| Smoking status | |||
| Never | 236 (48.7) | 106(42.9) | |
| Former | 151 (31.3) | 64 (25.5) | .003 |
| Current | 98(20.1) | 78(31.6) | |
| Alcohol intake status | |||
| Never | 131 (27.2) | 84 (34.0) | .15 |
| Former | 146 (30.4) | 72 (28.7) | |
| Current | 205 (42.4) | 92 (37.3) | |
| Physical activity scored | 31.6 ±4.4 | 31.4 ±4.7 | .50 |
| HEI-2005 scoree | 72.2 ± 9.7 | 71.2 ± 9.3 | .19 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 31.7 ± 6.0 | 32.3 ± 6.3 | .20 |
| Season of interview | |||
| Winter | 94(19.4) | 46(18.6) | .37 |
| Spring | 114(23.5) | 59 (23.8) | |
| Summer | 170 (35.1) | 75 (30.2) | |
| Fall | 107 (22.1) | 68 (27.4) | |
| AL mean | 4.4 ± 1.8 | 4.2 ± 1.9 | .17 |
| High AL (≥6) | 137 (28.3) | 66 (26.6) | .64 |
| Primary AL system | 1.5 ± 1.0 | 1.5 ± 1.1 | .74 |
| High primary AL (>2) | 76(15.7) | 59 (23.8) | .01 |
| Secondary AL system | 2.9 ± 1.4 | 2.6 ± 1.4 | .04 |
| High secondary AL (>3) | 183 (37.7) | 79 (31.9) | .12 |
SNAP = Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program; US = United States; HEI-2005 = Healthy Eating Index-2005; AL = allostatic load.
Analyses included t tests for continuous variables (mean ± SD) and χ2 (or Fisher exact test when appropriate) for categorical variables (%).
FI at least once at baseline or 5-year follow-up using the United States Department of Agriculture 10-item adult food security survey module.
Higher scores on the language acculturation assessment (range = 0–100) indicated greater acculturation (more use of English).
Higher scores on the PSS (range = 0–40) indicated higher perceived stress in life.
Physical activity scores were a sum of reported hours spent in typical activities over a 24-hour period, multiplied by appropriate weighting factors associated with activity intensity/oxygen consumption. Higher scores indicate greater level of physical activity.
The HEI-2005 score was a 12-component measure of overall diet quality relative to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, and higher scores indicated better diet quality (range = 0–100).