Fig. 3.

TGF-β induces the expression of RGC-32 in astrocytes. Rat astrocytes were cultured and stimulated with TGF-β (10 ng/ml) for the indicated periods of time. RGC-32 mRNA expression was quantified by real-time PCR (a) and was normalized to that of 18S RNA. The results are presented as fold increase over unstimulated (CTR), which was considered to be 100%. RGC-32 protein expression was quantified by Western blotting and normalized to β-actin (b), and the results are presented as fold increase over unstimulated (CTR). A representative blot is shown. Both RGC-32 mRNA and protein were induced by TGF-β. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 3). *p < 0.05; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001