Table 3. Univariate and multivariate analysis for factors associated with increased mortality in Thai heart failure patients.

Factors	Unadjusted HR (95% CI)	P-value	Adjusted HR (95% CI)	P-value
Elderly status (> 65 yrs)	1.51 (1.49–1.53)	< 0.001	1.48 (1.46–1.49)	< 0.001
Male gender	1.12 (1.11–1.14)	< 0.001	1.12 (1.11–1.14)	< 0.001
Comorbid conditions
Prior heart failure	1.43 (1.41–1.45)	< 0.001	1.27 (1.25–1.30)	< 0.001
Prior myocardial infarction	1.34 (1.31–1.37)	< 0.001	1.03 (1.001–1.05)	0.044
Non-rheumatic VHD	1.08 (1.05–1.09)	< 0.001	1.10 (1.08-1.12)	< 0.001
Rheumatic heart disease	0.97 (0.95–0.99)	0.032	-	-
Ischemic stroke	1.35 (1.31–1.40)	< 0.001	1.23 (1.19–1.27)	< 0.001
Peripheral vascular disease	1.50 (1.38–1.62)	< 0.001	1.16 (1.07–1.26)	< 0.001
Hypertension	1.01 (0.99–1.02)	0.191	-	-
Diabetes mellitus	1.14 (1.12–1.15)	< 0.001	-	-
Dyslipidemia	0.86 (0.85–0.87)	< 0.001	-	-
Chronic kidney disease	1.91 (1.89–1.94)	< 0.001	1.82 (1.79–1.84)	< 0.001

A P-value < 0.05 indicates statistical significance. VHD: valvular heart disease.