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. 2019 Jan 7;12:1000. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2018.01000

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Copyright © 2019 Zheng, Wang, Wang, Zhang, Wu, Zhang, Yu and Guan.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Apoptosis of hippocampal astrocytes in 14-day-old mice offspring after exposure to PM_2.5. (A–C) Laser confocal photographs of GFAP⁺/TUNEL⁺ in hippocampal CA1, CA3, and DG regions, respectively. GFAP staining (red), TUNEL staining (green) and nuclear staining (Hoechst, blue). Magnification is 400×, bar = 75 μm, inset bar = 10 μm. (D) GFAP fluorescence intensity as marker of reactive astrocytes (F = 511.345, P = 0.000, see CA1; F = 53.672, P = 0.000, see CA3; F = 58.273, P = 0.000, see DG). (E) GFAP⁺/TUNEL⁺cells (F = 30.690, P = 0.000, see CA1; F = 30.643, P = 0.000, see CA3; F = 10.686, P = 0.001, see DG). ^∗P < 0.05, ^∗∗P < 0.01, compared with mock-treated group (n = 6).