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. 2019 Jan 7;11:474. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00474

FIGURE 9.

FIGURE 9

Hypothetical scheme describing potential roles of disulfide dimer and thiol-oxidized monomer of recoverin in the mechanisms of photoreceptor apoptosis induced by visual light. The designations are as follows: Arr, arrestin; dArr, disulfide dimer of arrestin; GRK1, G-protein coupled kinase-1; Gt, transducin; PDE6, rod cGMP-specific 3’,5’-cyclic phosphodiesterase; Rho, rhodopsin; pRho, phosphorylated rhodopsin; OmRec, monomeric recoverin with C39 converted into sulfinic acid; dRec, disulfide dimer of recoverin; JNK3, c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3; c-Jun/c-Fos (AP-1), activator protein 1 – heterodimeric transcription factor; nNOS, neuronal nitric oxide synthase 1; GC, guanylate cyclase; MDM2, mouse double minute 2 homolog – E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase; UPR, unfolded protein response; CHOP, C/EBP homologous protein – pro-apoptotic transcription factor; PERK, protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase – translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3; peLF2α, phosphorylated translation initiation factor 2α; ATF4, activating transcription factor 4; Bcl2, B-cell lymphoma 2 – apoptosis regulator protein. For details, refer to section “Discussion.”