Table 1.
Correlation between IL-6, cardiac ion channel expression, and contractile function in arrhythmias.
| IL-6 | Cardiomyopathy | Model | Ion channel and cardiomyocyte contractile function | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ↑ | 1. LQTS, 2. Ventricular arrythmias | Human | NR | Streitner et al., 2007; Lazzerini et al., 2016, 2017b |
| 1000 U/ml (5 min) | NR | Adult female guinea pig ventricular myocytes | ↓ICa, ?INa, ?IKr, ?IKs | Sugishita et al., 1999 |
| ↓contractility | ||||
| ↓ [Ca2+]i transient | ||||
| 400 pg/ml (1–3 h) | NR | Adult Rat (SD), ventricular myocytes. | ↔ Cardiac contraction | Maass et al., 2002 |
| 10 ng/ml (2–24 h) | NR | Adult Rat (SD), ventricular myocytes | Negative inotropy | Yu et al., 2005 |
| ↓ Cell shortening | ||||
| ↔ICa, ?INa, ?IKr, ?IKs | ||||
| ↓SR Ca content | ||||
| ↓Phosphorylation of Phospholamban | ||||
| ↓SR Ca uptake | ||||
| ↓ Postrest potentiation and caffeine response | ||||
| 50 Units/ml (6 h) | NR | Rat neonatal (1–2 day old; Wistar), cultured ventricular myocytes | ↓ SERCA mRNA | Tanaka et al., 2004 |
| 10 ng/ml (48 h) | NR | Rat neonatal (1–2 day old), cultured ventricular myocytes | ↓ SERCA2 mRNA | Villegas et al., 2000 |
| ↓ SERCA2 protein | ||||
| 20 ng/ml (20–40 min) | NR | Mice ventricular myocytes | ↑ ICa,L, ?INa, ?IKr, ?IKs | Hagiwara et al., 2007 |
| ↑ [Ca2+]i transient | ||||
| ↑ APD | ||||
| 1000 U/ml (30 min) | NR | Chick embryo cultured ventricular myocytes | Negative inotropy | Kinugawa et al., 1994 |
| ↓Peak systolic [Ca2+]i | ||||
| ↓Cell contraction | ||||
| 0.5–3000 ng/ml (10–30 min) | NR | Rat neonatal (2 day-old, Lewis) cultured ventricular myocytes | ↔ Cell shortening | Kumar et al., 1996 |
| 0.1–3 ng/ml (2–5 min) | NR | Hamster papillary muscle | Negative inotropy | Finkel et al., 1992, 1993 |
| ↑ | 1. AF | Human | NR | Conway et al., 2004; Marin et al., 2004; Psychari et al., 2005; Boos et al., 2007; Fujiki et al., 2007; Gedikli et al., 2007; Ucar et al., 2007; Marcus et al., 2008, 2010; Chen et al., 2009; Henningsen et al., 2009; Leftheriotis et al., 2009; Qu et al., 2009; Cheng et al., 2012; Wu et al., 2013; Aulin et al., 2015; Pudil et al., 2016 |
| 2. Atrial flutter | ||||
| 3. Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia | ||||
| 0.1–3 ng/ml (2–5 min) | NR | Human pectinate muscle (Atria) | NR | Finkel et al., 1993 |
| ↑ | AF | Mice | NR | Ozcan et al., 2015 |
↑, increased; ↓, decreased; ↔, no change; NR, not reported; SD, Sprague Dawley; WR, Wistar Rats.