Fig. 5.

GLP-1 analogue liraglutide attenuated TGF-β1 combining IL-1β induced increment in the percent of spindle-like cells which underwent EndMT (a), reduced vimentin positive endothelial cells (labeled by VE-cadherin) undergoing EndMT (b), and recovered endothelial markers (VE-cadherin and ZO-1) as well as inhibited mesenchymal markers (α-SMA and vimentin) (c). Besides, liraglutide obviously reduced TGF-β1 combining IL-1β induced phosphorylation of Smad2/3 and ERK1/2 (d). Data were presented as the mean ± s.e.m. (n = 3–4). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. T&I, TGF-β1 (5 ng/ml) combining IL-1β (5 ng/ml); EndMT, endothelial-mesenchymal transition; α-SMA, alpha smooth muscle actin; ZO-1, zonula occludens-1; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinases; liraglutide, Li, 25, 50, 100 nM