Table 3.
Number of studies examining each risk factor and the proportion of positive, negative, and insignificant associations found
| Risk factors | Studies reporting on a risk factor for cardiac complication after THA or TKA | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | p ≤ 0.05 | p > 0.05 | ||
| + | − | ~ | ||
| Age | 6 | 4 | − | 2 |
| Male | 6 | 2 | − | 4 |
| Female | 6 | – | 1 | 4 |
| TKA | 4 | 1 | − | 2 |
| THA | 4 | 2 | − | 2 |
| Unilateral | − | – | − | − |
| Bilateral | 1 | 1 | − | − |
| History of cardiac disease | 5 | 4 | − | 1 |
| CHF | 4 | 2 | − | 2 |
| Valvular disease | 1 | 1 | − | − |
| PVD | 3 | 1 | − | 2 |
| CAD | 3 | 2 | − | 1 |
| Hypertension | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 4 | – | 1 | 3 |
| Diabetes | 4 | 2 | − | 2 |
| Renal failure | 4 | 1 | − | 3 |
| Obesity | 8 | 1 | − | 7 |
| Malnutrition | 1 | 1 | − | − |
| Anaemia | 3 | 1 | − | 2 |
| Alcohol abuse | 1 | − | 1 | − |
| CVD | 4 | 2 | − | 2 |
| Smoking history | 1 | 1 | − | − |
| ASA score > 2 | 2 | 1 | − | 1 |
The number of studies examining each risk factor and their association with cardiac complication in THA and TKA, and the number which showed a significant (p ≤ 0.05) positive and negative association. Studies, which studied a given risk factor but did not show any significant association (p > 0.05), are also identified. CHF congestive heart failure, PVD peripheral vascular disease, CAD coronary artery disease, CVD cerebrovascular disease, ASA American Society of Anaesthesiologists. N number of studies examining this risk factor; + studies showing a positive and significant association; − studies showing a negative, significant association; ~ insignificant result