Table 2.
Summary of Neonicotinoid Concentrations by Major Commodity,1999–2015
| Neonicotinoid | Major Commod | Total N | N > LOD | Detect Freq % | Mean Conca (ppm) | Min Conc (ppm) | Max Conc (ppm) | Commodity with max conc (year, domestic or import and country of origin) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acetamiprid | Fruits | 33,728 | 4514 | 13.38 | 0.0043 | 0.001 | 1.5 | Raspberries(2013, domestic) |
| Vegetables | 49,987 | 1607 | 3.21 | 0.0011 | 0.001 | 1.6 | Greens, Kale(2007, domestic); Spinach(2009, domestic, organic) | |
| Meat | 5468 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Dairy | 4480 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Grain (includes Rice) | 2580 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Nuts | 315 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Clothianidin | Fruits | 34,721 | 333 | 0.96 | 0.0004 | 0.0013 | 0.51 | Grapes(2015, domestic) |
| Vegetables | 43,992 | 1094 | 2.49 | 0.0005 | 0.0025 | 0.38 | Spinach(2015, domestic) | |
| Meat | 3454 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Dairy | 2203 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Grain (includes Rice) | 6384 | 1 | 0.02 | 0 | 0.0028 | 0.0028 | Sweet Corn, Frozen(2014, domestic) | |
| Nuts | 315 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Dinotefuran | Fruits | 28,783 | 187 | 0.65 | 0.0003 | 0.004 | 0.35 | Grapes(2009, domestic) |
| Vegetables | 40,198 | 708 | 1.76 | 0.0009 | 0.004 | 3.00 | Cherry Tomatoes(2012, domestic) | |
| Meat | 2920 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Dairy | 2996 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Grain (includes Rice) | 2580 | 3 | 0.12 | 0 | 0.037 | 0.049 | Rice(2014, domestic, organic) | |
| Nuts | 315 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Flonicamid | Fruits | 26,455 | 271 | 1.02 | 0.0010 | 0.0017 | 0.6 | Strawberries(2015, domestic) |
| Vegetables | 35,607 | 1093 | 3.07 | 0.0054 | 0.0017 | 3.8 | Spinach(2008, domestic) | |
| Meat | 1201 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Dairy | 3688 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Grain (includes Rice) | 1952 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Nuts | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Imidacloprid | Fruits | 50,097 | 3952 | 7.89 | 0.0036 | 0.0002 | 2.3 | Grapes(2010, import from Chile) |
| Vegetables | 55,278 | 10,999 | 19.9 | 0.0036 | 0.0002 | 1.5 | Broccoli(2013, domestic, organic) | |
| Meat | 5498 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Dairy | 4480 | 1 | 0.02 | 0 | 0.0053 | 0.0053 | Butter(2012, domestic) | |
| Grain (includes Rice) | 8146 | 1 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.0002 | 0.011 | Rice(2009, import from India) | |
| Nuts | 862 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Thiacloprid | Fruits | 29,707 | 905 | 3.05 | 0.0006 | 0.0007 | 0.3385 | Pears(2015, import from Chile) |
| Vegetables | 26,078 | 60 | 0.23 | 0.0001 | 0.0007 | 0.49 | Snap Peas (2012, import from Guatemala) | |
| Meat | 3367 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Dairy | 2204 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Grain (includes Rice) | 1604 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Nuts | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Thiamethoxam | Fruits | 39,367 | 730 | 1.85 | 0.0004 | 0.0013 | 0.28 | Tangerines (2012, import from South Africa) |
| Vegetables | 56,740 | 2082 | 3.67 | 0.0006 | 0.002 | 0.38 | Cherry Tomatoes(2012, import from Mexico) | |
| Meat | 3836 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Dairy | 3738 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Grain (includes Rice) | 7395 | 1 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.0025 | 0.0025 | Sweet Corn, Fresh(2010, import from Mexico) | |
| Nuts | 315 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
aJust among samples above LOD; See Additional file 2 for LODs by year, commodity and neonicotinoid