Table 2.
Case-Control Study on Tuberculosis in Diabetes Mellitus in Patients Enrolled in 13 European Centers
| TB-DM (n = 325), No. (%) |
TB (n = 975), No. (%) |
Univariablea | Multivariablea | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P | Interaction Term | OR (95% CI) | P | |||
| Age class, y | |||||||
| <50 | 157 (48.3) | 744 (76.3) | 1 | Authoctonous | 1 | ||
| Foreign-born | 0.9 (0.5–1.7) | .687 | |||||
| ≥50 | 168 (51.7) | 231 (23.7) | 3.6 (2.1–6.2) | <.001 | Authoctonous | 1 | |
| Foreign-born | 2.8 (1.7–4.7) | <.001 | |||||
| Migration status | |||||||
| Authoctonous | 176 (54.1) | 486 (49.9) | 1 | Age < 50 y | 1 | ||
| Age ≥ 50 y | 2.3 (1.1–4.8) | .026 | |||||
| Foreign-born | 149 (45.9) | 489 (50.1) | 0.7 (0.5–1.1) | .153 | Age < 50 y | 1 | |
| Age ≥ 50 y | 7.3 (5.1–10.5) | <.001 | |||||
| Country of birth by DM prevalenceb | |||||||
| ≤6.5% | 107 (32.9) | 321 (32.9) | 1 | 1 | |||
| 6.6%–8.3% | 119 (36.6) | 313 (32.1) | 1.3 (0.8–2.0) | .313 | 1.3 (0.7–2.3) | .424 | |
| ≥8.4% | 99 (30.5) | 341 (35.0) | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) | .357 | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) | .231 | |
| Gender | |||||||
| Female | 90 (27.7) | 290 (29.7) | 1 | 1 | |||
| Male | 235 (72.3) | 685 (70.3) | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | .607 | 1.0 (0.6–1.6) | .920 | |
| Previous TB disease | |||||||
| No | 247 (76.0) | 767 (78.7) | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 53 (16.3) | 130 (13.3) | 1.3 (0.8–2.1) | .353 | |||
| Not available | 25 (7.7) | 78 (8.0) | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) | .987 | |||
| Heavy drinking | |||||||
| No | 222 (68.3) | 636 (65.2) | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 38 (11.7) | 122 (12.5) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | .536 | |||
| Not available | 65 (20.0) | 217 (22.3) | 0.7 (0.4–1.3) | .259 | |||
| Injecting drug users | |||||||
| No | 232 (71.4) | 725 (74.4) | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 14 (4.3) | 44 (4.5) | 1.0 (0.3–3.7) | .976 | |||
| Not available | 79 (24.3) | 206 (21.1) | 2.2 (0.9–5.3) | .093 | |||
| HIV status | |||||||
| Negative | 255 (78.5) | 779 (79.9) | 1 | ||||
| Positive | 23 (7.1) | 84 (8.6) | 0.8 (0.2–3.1) | .776 | |||
| Not available | 47 (14.5) | 112 (11.5) | 1.4 (1.0–1.8) | .025 | |||
| Other comorbidities | |||||||
| No | 231 (71.1) | 697 (71.5) | 1 | 1 | |||
| Yes | 70 (21.5) | 137 (14.0) | 1.6 (1.0–2.6) | .058 | 1.1 (0.7–1.6) | .711 | |
| Not available | 24 (7.4) | 141 (14.5) | 0.4 (0.1–1.8) | .235 | 0.3 (0.1–1.5) | .144 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; DM, diabetes mellitus; OR, odds ratio; TB, tuberculosis.
aConditional logistic regression model with robust standard error estimated by including the center as the cluster variable.
bInternational Diabetes Atlas – 2014.