Table 3.
Case-Control Study on Tuberculosis in Diabetes Mellitus in Patients Enrolled in 13 European Centers—Analysis of Radiological and Clinical Characteristics Among Patients With Pulmonary Involvment
| Univariablea | Multivariablea b | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TB-DM (n = 254), No. (%) | TB (n = 762), No. (%) | OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | |
| TB site of disease | ||||||
| Pulmonary | 228 (89.8) | 681 (89.4) | 1 | |||
| Pulmonary and extrapulmonary | 26 (10.2) | 81 (10.6) | 0.9 (0.6–1.5) | .857 | ||
| CXR cavities | ||||||
| No | 94 (37.0) | 341 (44.7) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 146 (57.5) | 365 (47.9) | 1.6 (1.0–2.5) | .054 | 1.6 (0.9–2.8) | .110 |
| Not available | 14 (5.5) | 56 (7.4) | 0.8 (0.3–1.9) | .584 | 1.0 (0.5–2.1) | .992 |
| Sputum smear microscopy–positive | ||||||
| No | 77 (30.3) | 283 (37.1) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 156 (61.4) | 416 (54.6) | 1.4 (1.0–2.2) | .077 | 1.3 (0.7–2.7) | .425 |
| Not available | 21 (8.3) | 63 (8.3) | 1.2 (0.6–2.4) | .558 | 1.2 (0.5–2.9) | .667 |
| Sputum culture–positive | ||||||
| No | 26 (10.4) | 100 (13.1) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 201 (79.1) | 577 (75.7) | 1.4 (1.1–1.7) | .003 | 0.9 (0.5–1.8) | .888 |
| Not available | 27 (10.6) | 85 (11.1) | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | .416 | 1.1 (0.6–2.0) | .676 |
| Weight loss | ||||||
| No | 109 (42.9) | 315 (41.3) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 127 (50.0) | 342 (48.9) | 1.1 (0.6–1.8) | .794 | ||
| Not available | 18 (7.1) | 105 (13.8) | 0.4 (0.1–1.3) | .117 | ||
| Persisting cough | ||||||
| No | 42 (16.5) | 146 (19.2) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 199 (78.3) | 523 (68.6) | 1.4 (0.9–2.0) | .086 | 1.5 (0.9–2.3) | .092 |
| Not available | 13 (5.1) | 93 (12.2) | 0.4 (0.1–2.0) | .261 | 0.5 (0.1–1.7) | .248 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; CXR, chest x-ray; DM, diabetes mellitus; OR, odds ratio; TB, tuberculosis.
aConditional logistic regression model with robust standard error estimated by including the center as the cluster variable.
bAdjusted for age, gender, and HIV status.