Table 1. Indications and outcomes for patients who received 3D printed implants.
| Article | Indication | Implant design | Patient-specific | Material | 3DP process | Outcomes/mean outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Xu et al. 2016 (Case Report) (6) | C2 spondylectomy for Ewing Sarcoma | Anterior C2 SSAVB | Yes | Titanium alloy | EBM | 12 months FU revealed osseointegration into implant, no implant migration/subsidence and 16/17 JOA scale |
| Li et al. 2017 (Case Report) (7) | C2–C4 spondylectomy for metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma | Anterior C2–C4 SSAVB with 32 different heights and widths were printed | Yes | Titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) | Arcam—EBM | 16/17 JOA scale at 12 months FU, imaging revealed good cervical sequence and position of implant |
| Mobbs et al. 2017 (Case report) (5) | C1–C2 anterior en bloc resection for chordoma | Anterior cage with fixation into clivus and C3 vertebra. 2 cages with 2 different heights were printed | Yes | Medical grade titanium | Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (C.S.I.R.O.)—EBM | Imaging revealed no migration of implant with flexion and extension at 9 months FU |
| Spetzger et al. 2016 (Technical Note) (44) | C6/C7 ACDF for spondylotic myelopathy | Anterior cervical intervertebral disc | Yes | Titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) | SLM | Immediate press-fit during implantation |
| Lu et al. 2017 (Case Series) (43) | ACCF for spondylotic myelopathy. Four patients at C4; nine patients at C5, Two patients at C6 | Anterior cervical corpectomy anatomy-adaptive titanium mesh cage (AA-TMC) | No | Titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) | SLM | Mean JOA scale 14.9±1.39 at mean FU of 13.4±1.4 months. Radiology showed solid fusion and no severe subsidence (>3 mm) |
| Lamerigts et al. 2017 [Case Report (whitepaper)] (45) | 2 levels ACDF for spondylotic myelopathy | EIT Cellular Titanium® Cervical cage | No | Titanium alloy | SLM | Histological section of retrieved implant showed osseointegration |
SSAVB, self-stabilizing artificial vertebral body; AA-TMC, anatomy-adaptive titanium mesh cage; EBM, electron beam melting; SLM, selective laser melting; JOA, Japanese Orthopedic Association scale; FU, follow-up.