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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jan 14.
Published in final edited form as: Brain Behav Immun. 2017 Apr 6;64:330–343. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.04.003

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4.

Central structures activation is essential to the vagal anti-inflammatory effect. Electrical stimulation of the (A) LC or the (B) PVN decreases neutrophil migration into both knee joints. Temporary deactivation by prior injection of CoCL2 into the (C) LC, but not (D) PVN, abrogated the vagal anti-inflammatory effect only in the ipsilateral, but not in the contralateral, joint to the hemispheric LC deactivation. Both: both knees; Ipsi: ipsilateral knee to the injected brain hemisphere; Contra: contralateral knee to the injected brain hemisphere. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test. The number of animals used for each group is displayed at the bottom of the corresponding bar. **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.