Table 3.

Circadian rhythm parameters (mean ± s.e.m.) of all clock genes, AANAT, and melatonin in overexpression treatments, as determined by cosinor analyses.

	Group	BMAL1	BMAL2	CLOCK	BMAL1	CLOCK	CRY1	CRY2	PER2	PER3	AANAT	Melatonin
Mesor (×10−3)	p-BMAL1	ND	70.64 ± 6.62*	2.36 ± 0.14*	ND	0.31 ± 0.07	ND	ND	1.22 ± 0.05(×103)*	23.27 ± 4.18*	ND	ND
	p-CLOCK	3.44 ± 0.18	3.52 ± 0.56	ND	0.46 ± 0.07	ND	ND	ND	4.21 ± 0.00*	2.55 ± 0.11*	7.27 ± 0.66	175.17 ± 3.51
	pcDNA3.1	3.49 ± 0.15	3.43 ± 0.30	4.04 ± 0.02	0.43 ± 0.15	0.29 ± 0.09	30.39 ± 1.65	2.93 ± 0.29	2.62 ± 0.20	1.98 ± 0.13	7.32 ± 1.10	156.13 ± 19.14
Amplitude (×10−3)	p-BMAL1	ND	38.21 ± 0.87*	1.83 ± 0.09*	ND	0.24 ± 0.03	ND	ND	0.16 ± 0.02(×103)*	22.56 ± 3.92*	ND	ND
	p-BMAL1	1.03 ± 0.05*	1.74 ± 0.61	ND	0.18 ± 0.03	ND	ND	ND	1.12 ± 0.00	0.98 ± 0.10	7.17 ± 0.32*	60.08 ± 1.97
	pcDNA3.1	1.53 ± 0.06	1.75 ± 0.02	3.88 ± 0.17	0.14 ± 0.05	0.23 ± 0.04	10.41 ± 1.8	1.19 ± 0.10	1.13 ± 0.05	1.01 ± 0.08	5.33 ± 0.24	55.31 ± 9.65
Acrophase (h)	p-BMAL1	ND	9.12 ± 0.08*	12.70 ± 0.32*	ND	14.04 ± 0.12*	ND	ND	2.74 ± 0.09*	5.67 ± 0.23*	ND	ND
	p-CLOCK	15.31 ± 0.72*	15.95 ± 0.77	ND	19.14 ± 0.20*	ND	ND	ND	19.86 ± 1.01*	22.16 ± 0.09	18.36 ± 0.42	21.45 ± 0.09*
	pcDNA3.1	13.51 ± 0.17	15.35 ± 0.25	15.05 ± 0.18	14.45 ± 1.05	15.39 ± 0.23	21.71 ± 0.27	16.54 ± 0.46	22.18 ± 0.59	22.34 ± 0.36	18.31 ± 0.50	19.13 ± 0.31
R2	p-BMAL1	0.37	0.80	0.63	0.37	0.85	0.28	0.27	0.65	0.77	0.06	0.08
	p-CLOCK	0.62	0.57	0.34	0.56	0.17	0.38	0.15	0.53	0.52	0.86	0.81
	pcDNA3.1	0.80	0.97	0.86	0.83	0.72	0.86	0.68	0.85	0.83	0.95	0.99
P	p-BMAL1	0.13	0.00	0.00	0.48	0.01	0.21	0.24	0.00	0.00	0.86	0.80
	p-CLOCK	0.00	0.01	0.13	0.05	0.52	0.07	0.51	0.01	0.01	0.00	0.00
	pcDNA3.1	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
F	p-BMAL1	2.31	17.32	7.88	0.96	11.71	1.72	1.61	7.58	15.30	0.25	0.34
	p-CLOCK	7.72	6.18	2.26	3.80	0.80	2.86	0.80	5.21	5.15	29.75	15.67
	pcDNA3.1	41.67	371.68	42.12	35.60	21.49	39.79	12.18	43.48	36.08	194.50	254.87

Note: p-BMAL1 represents the overexpression BMAL1 group, p-CLOCK represents the overexpression CLOCK group. ND represents not determined as there was no circadian rhythm. Significant differences (P < 0.05) between the treatment and pcDNA3.1 groups are shown by an asterisk (*).