Table 2.
The comparison of biochemical characteristics and blood pressures among males and females before and after Ramadan (n=1246)
| Blood investigations | Mean±SD | Change (after-before) (95% CI) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| After Ramadan | Before Ramadan | |||
| Vitamin D 25-OH | ||||
| Male | 20.70±10.74 | 19.11±10.50 | 1.59 (1.59-1.40) | <0.001 |
| Female | 21.20±10.82 | 19.64±10.56 | 1.56 (1.43-1.68) | <0.001 |
| Blood glucose (mmol/L) | ||||
| Male | 7.18±1.17 | 9.14±2.10 | −1.95 (−2.098-−1.81) | <0.001 |
| Female | 7.39±1.09 | 9.82±2.03 | −2.43 (−2.56-−2.94) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c | ||||
| Male | 7.54±1.13 | 8.77±1.20 | −1.23 (−1.34-−1.12) | <0.001 |
| Female | 7.40±1.09 | 9.21±1.13 | −1.81 (−1.93-−1.69) | <0.001 |
| Calcium (mmol/L) | ||||
| Male | 4.03±1.70 | 3.05±1.97 | 0.97 (0.17-1.78) | 0.018 |
| Female | 3.72±1.91 | 3.02±2.58 | 0.70 (0.22-1.17) | 0.004 |
| Urea (mmol/L) | ||||
| Male | 5.39±2.17 | 5.61±3.14 | −0.22 (−0.49-0.37) | 0.092 |
| Female | 4.94±1.59 | 5.11±2.09 | −0.17 (−0.35-−0.02) | 0.076 |
| Creatinine (mmol/L) | ||||
| Male | 72.09±32.88 | 70.35±29.19 | 1.73 (0.11-3.36) | 0.036 |
| Female | 67.27±34.45 | 64.55±27.75 | 2.72 (1.14-4.29) | 0.010 |
| Bilirubin (mmol/L) | ||||
| Male | 7.72±3.63 | 8.64±3.01 | −0.92 (−1.45-−0.39) | <0.001 |
| Female | 7.50±3.63 | 8.56±2.04 | −1.05 (−1.55-−0.55) | <0.001 |
| Albumin (mmol/L) | ||||
| Male | 38.13±4.46 | 40.47±4.79 | −3.44 (−3.85-−3.03) | <0.001 |
| Female | 36.82±3.93 | 40.47±3.93 | −3.66 (−4.10-−3.19) | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | ||||
| Male | 3.22±1.21 | 4.75±1.07 | −1.52 (−1.62-−1.42) | <0.001 |
| Female | 3.27±1.23 | 4.81±0.98 | −1.54 (−1.64-−1.44) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | ||||
| Male | 1.52±0.46 | 1.63±0.75 | −0.11 (−0.17-−0.33) | <0.001 |
| Female | 1.51±0.42 | 1.64±0.71 | −0.12 (−0.27-−0.20) | <0.001 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | ||||
| Male | 1.06±0.21 | 1.08±0.28 | −0.02 (−0.04-−0.03) | 0.068 |
| Female | 1.07±0.20 | 1.09±0.27 | −0.02 (−0.04-−0.01) | 0.021 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | ||||
| Male | 2.00±0.89 | 1.82±0.97 | 0.19 (−0.24-−0.06) | 0.001 |
| Female | 2.07±0.84 | 1.94±0.80 | 0.13 (−0.21-−0.08) | 0.077 |
| Uric acid (mmol/L) | ||||
| Male | 283.9±89.3 | 269.1±72.7 | 14.10 (6.61-21.6) | <0.001 |
| Female | 286.5±88.9 | 272.2±65.5 | 14.4 (7.30-21.5) | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | ||||
| Male | 128.5±14.4 | 135.4±14.6 | −6.5 (−7.45-−5.54) | 0.010 |
| Female | 128.9±14.2 | 136.1±15.1 | −7.3 (−8.16-−6.44) | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | ||||
| Male | 76.7±9.9 | 78.3±8.7 | −2.4 (−3.5-−1.35) | 0.018 |
| Female | 78.1±8.5 | 78.8±8.5 | −0.75 (−1.67-−1.69) | 0.004 |
| BMI | ||||
| Male | 26.54±4.15 | 28.00±4.32 | −1.46 (−1.52-−1.39) | <0.001 |
| Female | 25.93±4.00 | 27.42±4.20 | −1.49 (−1.55-−1.40) | <0.001 |
Two-sided P values based on pair t-test. SD=Standard deviation, BMI=Body mass index, 25-OH=25-hydroxy, HDL-C=High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, LDL-C=Low-density lipoprotein- cholesterol, SBP=Systolic blood pressure, DBP=Diastolic blood pressure, HbA1c=Glycated hemoglobin, CI=Confidence interval