Table 3.

The comparison of biochemical characteristics and blood pressures among patients before and after Ramadan (n=1246)

Blood investigations	Mean±SD		Change (after-before) (95% CI)	P*
	After Ramadan	Before Ramadan
Vitamin D 25-OH	20.97±10.78	19.39±10.53	−2.57 (−1.48-−1.66)	<0.001
Blood glucose (mmol/L)	7.29±1.13	9.50±2.09	−2.20 (−2.30-−2.0)	<0.001
HbA1c (%)	7.95±1.15	9.01±1.17	−1.46 (−1.53-−1.39)	<0.001
Calcium (mmol/L)	4.03±1.70	3.05±1.97	0.97 (0.17-1.78)	<0.001
Urea (mmol/L)	5.16±1.17	5.35±2.66	−0.04 (−0.11-0.02)	0.015
Creatinine (mmol/L)	69.59±17.78	67.34±14.63	2.24 (1.11-3.38)	<0.001
Bilirubin (mmol/L)	8.09±3.24	8.87±3.11	−0.77 (−1.27-−0.27)	0.002
Albumin (mmol/L)	34.46±9.12	41.01±8.59	−3.54 (−3.85-−3.24)	<0.001
Cholesterol (mmol/L)	3.25±1.21	4.78±1.02	−1.53 (−1.60-−1.46)	<0.001
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	1.52±0.44	1.63±0.73	−0.11 (−0.15-−0.76)	0.003
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.06±0.20	1.09±0.27	−0.02 (−0.03-−0.006)	<0.001
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.04±0.86	1.88±0.31	0.16 (0.75-−0.233)	<0.001
Uric acid (mmol/L)	285.0±89.1	271.0±68.9	14.28 (9.15-19.42)	<0.001
BP
SBP (mmHg)	128.5±14.4	135.4±14.29	−6.92 (−7.55-−6.28)	<0.001
DBP (mmHg)	76.7±9.9	78.3±8.70	−1.55 (−2.25-−0.84)	<0.001
Hours of sleep	6.93±0.72	5.61±0.58**	1.32 (1.35-1.28)	<0.001
BMI (male and female)	26.22±4.08	27.70±4.31	−1.48 (−1.52-−1.42)	<0.001
BMI males (kg/m2)	26.54±4.15	28.00±4.32	−1.46 (−1.52-−1.39)	<0.001
BMI females (kg/m2)	25.93±4.00	27.42±4.20	−1.49 (−1.55-−1.40)	<0.001

*Two sided P values based on pair t-test, **Number of sleeping hours during Ramadan timing. BP=Blood pressure, SD=Standard deviation, BMI=Body mass index, 25-OH=25-hydroxy, HDL-C=High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, LDL-C=Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, SBP=Systolic blood pressure, DBP=Diastolic blood pressure, HbA1c=Glycated hemoglobin, CI=Confidence interval