Table 3.

Safety evaluation of norepinephrine.

Reference	Maternal side effects	Anticholinergic drug	Apgar scoring	Blood gas analysis	Umbilical blood catecholamines
Hasanin et al., 2018 [2]	Nausea or vomiting: ns	Four in NE1, 3 in NE2, and 7 in NE3: ns	Apgar at 1 and 10 min: ns	pH, PCO2, PO2, HCO in UA: ns	N/A
Sharkey et al., 2018 [10]	Nausea or vomiting: ns	N/A	Apgar at 1 and 5 min: ns	pH, PCO2, PO2, HCO3, BE in UA and UV: ns	N/A
Ngan Kee et al., 2018 [3]	Nausea or vomiting: ns	No patient	No Apgar < 7 at 1min or < 8 at 5min in either group	pH, PCO2, PO2, BE in UA and UV: ns	N/A
Chen D et al., 2018, [4]	Shivering, nausea, and pale skin: ns	One in NE3: ns	Apgar at 1 and 5 min: ns	Glucose: NE2, NE3 > NE1, control group in either maternal or neonatal UA; pH, PCO2, PO2, HCO3, Lac, BE: ns among groups in maternal and neonatal UA	N/A
Vallejo M et al., 2017 [7]	Nausea: 51.2% for group NE and 63.2% for group PE, ns; emesis: 16.3% for group NE vs. 26.3% for group PE, ns	N/A	Apgar < 7 at 1min or 5min: ns	pH, PCO2, PO2, HCO3, BE in UV: ns	N/A
Onwochei et al., 2017 [5]	Nausea: 11 (27.5%), of which 4 (36.4%) and 7 (63.6%) with NE < 6 μg and at 6 μg, respectively; no vomiting observed	N/A	All Apgar > 8 at 1 min or 5 min	Incidence of UA pH < 7.2: 6 (15%), 1 with NE < 6μg, 5 with NE 6 μg BE is higher in those with NE < 6μg compared to those with 6 μg: -2.56 vs -4.94∗	N/A
Ngan Kee et al., 2017 [6]	N/A	N/A	Apgar < 7 at 1 min or < 8 at 5 min: ns	Incidence of UA pH < 7.2: 4 (4.4%) vs 5(5.6%), ns	N/A
Ngan Kee et al., 2015 [9]	Nausea or vomiting: 3 (6.1%) for group NE and 2 (3.8%) for group PE, ns	N/A	All Apgar > 7 at 1 min and 5 min	No patient had UA pH < 7.2 pH and oxygen content: group NE > PE in UV∗; PCO2, PO2, BE: ns in UV; pH, PCO2, PO2, BE, oxygen content, ns in UA Glucose content: group NE > PE in UA and UV∗	Epinephrine content: group NE < PE in UA∗; NE content: group NE < PE in UA and UV∗

BE: base excess; NE: norepinephrine; PE: phenylephrine; UA: umbilical artery; UV: umbilical vein; ns: no significant difference between or among groups; values are number (%); N/A: not available.