Table 2.
Characteristics based on cognitive function
| Characteristics | NG
|
IFG
|
DM
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cognitive
|
Normal n=5,833 | Cognitive
|
Normal n=791 | Cognitive
|
Normal n=2,366 | |
| Impairment n=566 | Impairment n=82 | Impairment n=260 | ||||
|
| ||||||
| MMSE score, mean (SD) | 19.04±4.71*** | 27.73±2.62 | 19.32±4.61*** | 27.50±0.10 | 19.29±4.39*** | 27.47±2.78 |
| Sociodemographic | ||||||
| Age, years (SD) | 72.81±8.27*** | 70.09±7.71 | 73.20±7.03*** | 69.52±7.85 | 73.51+7.14*** | 70.93+7.47 |
| Male, n (%) | 197 (34.81)* | 2,296 (39.36) | 29 (35.37) | 327 (41.34) | 89 (34.23) | 884 (37.36) |
| Urban, n (%) | 370 (65.37)*** | 4,600 (78.86) | 50 (60.98)** | 568 (71.81) | 196 (75.38)** | 1,971 (83.31) |
| Education level, n (%) | ||||||
| Illiteracy | 98 (17.31) | 582 (9.96) | 17 (20.73) | 91 (11.48) | 31 (11.92) | 267 (11.28) |
| Primary school graduates | 129 (22.79) | 1,601 (27.39) | 18 (21.95) | 217 (27.36) | 69 (26.54) | 698 (29.50) |
| Junior school graduates or above | 339 (59.89) | 3,662 (62.65) | 47 (57.32) | 485 (61.16) | 160 (61.54) | 1,401 (59.22) |
| Lifestyle, n (%) | ||||||
| Married | 410 (72.44)*** | 4,804 (82.36) | 58 (70.73)** | 667 (84.32) | 187 (71.92)** | 1,891 (79.92) |
| Exercise <0.5 hours | 168 (29.73)*** | 1,237 (21.27) | 26 (31.71) | 181 (22.97) | 90 (34.62)*** | 524 (22.18) |
| Sleep <6 hours | 151 (26.73)*** | 971 (16.70) | 20 (24.39)** | 103 (13.07) | 63 (24.23)** | 404 (17.10) |
| Alcohol use | 71 (12.54) | 697 (11.95) | 8 (9.76) | 119 (15.04) | 19 (7.31) | 201 (8.5) |
| Smoking, current | 86 (15.19) | 798 (13.68) | 5 (6.10)* | 112 (14.16) | 33 (12.69) | 252 (10.65) |
| Genetic | ||||||
| apoEε4 carrier | 70 (14.58)*** | 399 (8.37) | 11 (14.47) | 67 (10.00) | 26 (12.32) | 187 (9.87) |
| Clinical | ||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.26±3.78** | 24.73±3.33 | 25.63±3.56 | 25.54±3.49 | 25.24+3.43 | 25.26+3.34 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.31±0.96 | 5.36±1.00 | 5.52±0.96 | 5.48±1.01 | 5.31±1.11 | 5.36±1.10 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.44±0.84 | 1.49±0.79 | 1.60±0.67 | 1.71±1.03 | 1.63±0.80 | 1.74±1.14 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.39±0.34 | 1.40±0.35 | 1.36±0.30 | 1.32±0.34 | 1.35±0.54 | 1.30±0.33 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.50±0.75** | 3.28±0.82 | 3.51±0.84 | 3.35±0.84 | 3.28±0.92 | 3.28±0.88 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) | 5.25±0.47** | 5.19±0.52 | 6.43±0.24 | 6.46±0.25 | 8.31±3.02 | 8.05±2.61 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 129.5±14.29*** | 127.3±11.63 | 134.4±15.26** | 129.6±12.35 | 131.7±16.49 | 129.3±12.04 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 78.88±9.27** | 78.02±7.76 | 80.18±9.75 | 79.09±7.83 | 79.05±9.79 | 77.50±7.88 |
| Uric acid (mmol/L) | 299.0±81.79*** | 311.3±82.76 | 311.3±81.17 | 325.2±90.07 | 306.6±85.37 | 310.1±84.69 |
| Obesity (BMI ≥28 kg/m2) | 86 (15.30) | 885 (15.23) | 23 (28.05) | 163 (20.74) | 52 (20.16) | 454 (19.28)) |
| Stroke | 104 (18.41)*** | 762 (13.10) | 15 (18.29) | 97 (12.31) | 72 (27.69)*** | 374 (15.83) |
| Hypertension | 333 (58.94) | 3,312 (56.99) | 66 (80.49)** | 507 (64.42) | 197 (75.77)* | 1,635 (69.25) |
| Cardiovascular disease* | 112 (19.82) | 1,121 (19.28) | 20 (24.39) | 165 (20.94) | 76 (29.23) | 592 (25.06) |
| GDS >5 | 73 (13.20)** | 531 (10.04) | 11 (14.10) | 55 (7.86) | 46 (18.25)*** | 239 (10.94) |
Notes: Values are presented as n (%) or mean ± SD.
*
P<0.05;
**
P<0.01;
***
P<0.001 vs cognitively normal group using χ2 for categorical variables and unpaired Student’s t-tests for continuous variables.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; DM, diabetes mellitus; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; IFG, impaired fasting glucose; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; NG, normal fasting plasma glucose.