Table 3.
Adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for GDM according to quartiles of hepcidin, ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor, and sTfR:ferritin ratio at gestational weeks 10–14 and 15–26, the NICHD Fetal Growth Studies-Singleton Cohort (2009–2013)
| Case n |
Control n | Crude model | Multivariable model a | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gestational weeks 10–14 b | ||||
| Hepcidin (ng/ml) | ||||
| Quartile 1: ≤ 6.97 | 21 | 53 | 1 | 1 |
| Quartile 2: 6.98 – 11.80 | 29 | 52 | 1.38 (0.73, 2.61) | 1.12 (0.54, 2.32) |
| Quartile 3: 11.81 – 18.70 | 25 | 53 | 1.19 (0.57, 2.46) | 0.87 (0.38, 1.99) |
| Quartile 4: ≥ 18.71 | 28 | 52 | 1.32 (0.66, 2.67) | 1.11 (0.51, 2.44) |
| Ferritin (pmol/l) | ||||
| Quartile 1: ≤ 77.05 | 18 | 54 | 1 | 1 |
| Quartile 2: 77.06 – 118.7 | 23 | 53 | 1.36 (0.65, 2.84) | 1.57 (0.69, 3.56) |
| Quartile 3: 118.8– 173.9 | 26 | 54 | 1.57 (0.75, 3.27) | 1.71 (0.75, 3.90) |
| Quartile 4: ≥ 174.0 | 37 | 53 | 2.11 (1.06, 4.20) | 2.43 (1.12, 5.28) |
| Soluble Transferrin Receptor (nmol/l) | ||||
| Quartile 1: ≤ 22.3 | 24 | 54 | 1 | 1 |
| Quartile 2: 22.4– 27.1 | 23 | 53 | 0.94 (0.47, 1.90) | 0.99 (0.45, 2.17) |
| Quartile 3: 27.2 – 33.8 | 29 | 54 | 1.21 (0.63, 2.35) | 0.89 (0.41, 1.91) |
| Quartile 4: ≥ 33.9 | 28 | 53 | 1.23 (0.62, 2.46) | 1.00 (0.45, 2.20) |
| sTfR:ferritin ratioc | ||||
| Quartile 1: ≤ 27.65 | 32 | 54 | 1 | 1 |
| Quartile 2: 27.66 – 40.90 | 26 | 53 | 0.83 (0.44, 1.57) | 0.67 (0.32, 1.42) |
| Quartile 3: 40.91 – 77.83 | 31 | 54 | 0.97 (0.51, 1.83) | 0.88 (0.43, 1.81) |
| Quartile 4: ≥ 77.84 | 15 | 53 | 0.47 (0.22, 1.00) | 0.33 (0.14, 0.80) |
| Gestational weeks 15–26 b | ||||
| Hepcidin (ng/ml) | ||||
| Quartile 1: ≤ 4.00 | 14 | 53 | 1 | 1 |
| Quartile 2: 4.01 – 5.46 | 19 | 53 | 1.63 (0.71, 3.77) | 1.49 (0.57, 3.93) |
| Quartile 3: 5.47 – 7.91 | 30 | 53 | 2.27 (1.01, 5.11) | 2.97 (1.16, 7.60) |
| Quartile 4: ≥ 7.92 | 31 | 52 | 2.40 (1.08, 5.35) | 2.61 (1.07, 6.36) |
| Ferritin ( pmol/l) | ||||
| Quartile 1: ≤ 49.6 | 10 | 54 | 1 | 1 |
| Quartile 2: 49.7 – 77.9 | 28 | 52 | 2.76 (1.20, 6.33) | 4.45 (1.61, 12.3) |
| Quartile 3: 78.0 – 119.3 | 26 | 53 | 2.59 (1.11, 6.03) | 3.42 (1.26, 9.30) |
| Quartile 4: ≥ 119.4 | 30 | 53 | 3.06 (1.27, 7.34) | 3.95 (1.38, 11.3) |
| Soluble Transferrin Receptor (nmol/l) | ||||
| Quartile 1: ≤ 24.2 | 23 | 53 | 1 | 1 |
| Quartile 2: 24.3 – 28.7 | 21 | 54 | 0.87 (0.43, 1.76) | 0.89 (0.39, 2.04) |
| Quartile 3: 28.8 – 34.9 | 24 | 53 | 1.08 (0.51, 2.29) | 1.31 (0.55, 3.09) |
| Quartile 4: ≥ 35.0 | 26 | 52 | 1.23 (0.56, 2.67) | 1.17 (0.49, 2.82) |
| sTfR:ferritin ratio c | ||||
| Quartile 1: ≤ 40.40 | 31 | 53 | 1 | 1 |
| Quartile 2: 40.41 – 69.36 | 23 | 53 | 0.66 (0.31, 1.37) | 0.58 (0.25, 1.33) |
| Quartile 3: 69.37 – 130.87 | 32 | 53 | 1.07 (0.51, 2.23) | 1.14 (0.49, 2.65) |
| Quartile 4: ≥ 130.88 | 8 | 53 | 0.25 (0.10, 0.64) | 0.15 (0.05, 0.48) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; GDM, gestational diabetes.
Adjusted for maternal age (years), gestational age at blood collection (weeks), parity (nulliparous or not), education (less, equal to or more than high-school) family history of diabetes (yes/no), pre-pregnancy body mass index (< 25, 25.0–29.9, ≥30.0 kg/m2), and plasma C-reactive protein levels.
Timing of blood sample collection preceded the diagnosis of gestational diabetes in all participants.
sTfR:ferritin ratio was obtained by dividing plasma concentration of Soluble Transferrin Receptor (ug/l) by plasma ferritin level (ug/l).