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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Feb 1.

Published in final edited form as: Environ Int. 2018 Dec 6;123:201–208. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.068

Fig. 1. — Geometric mean (GM) biomarker concentrations (95% CI)^a and adjusted geometric mean ratios (95% CI) from ANCOVA model (never user as reference)^b,c by tobacco user groups^d and specific tobacco-product user groups^e, PATH Study Wave 1 (2013–2014).

^aGM concentration in μg/L for 1-hydroxynaphthalene and 2-hydroxynaphthalene; in ng/L for the rest of the biomarkers; error bars display the 95% confidence intervals.

^bAdjusted for log₁₀(creatinine), race/ethnicity, sex, and age.

^cRelative standard error (RSE) > 30% (CDC, 2002).

^dThree main tobacco user groups: never user (never), non-combustible products user (n-combust), and combustible products user (combust) are mutually exclusive.

^eFour specific tobacco-product user groups: never user (never), e-cigarette user (e-cig), SLT user (SLT), and cigarette user (cig) are mutually exclusive.