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. 2018 Dec 27;49(1):1–21. doi: 10.4070/kcj.2018.0373

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Copyright © 2019. The Korean Society of Cardiology

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PMC Copyright notice

Ponikowski P, et al.; 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC, European Heart Journal 2016; 37 (27): 2129–2200, doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128. Reproduced by permission of Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. © European Society of Cardiology.

AHF = acute heart failure.