Table 6. Cardiac and non-cardiac causes of elevated concentrations of natriuretic peptides.
| Cardiac causes | Non-cardiac causes |
|---|---|
| Heart failure | Advanced age |
| Acute coronary syndrome | Ischemic stroke |
| Pulmonary embolism | Subarachnoid hemorrhage |
| Myocarditis | Renal dysfunction |
| Left ventricular hypertrophy | Liver dysfunction (mainly liver cirrhosis with ascites) |
| Hypertrophic or restrictive cardiomyopathy | Paraneoplastic syndrome |
| Valvular heart disease | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| Congenital heart disease | Severe infection |
| Atrial or ventricular tachyarrhythmia | Severe burn |
| Cardiac contusion | Anemia |
| Cardioversion, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator shock | Severe metabolic or hormonal abnormalities (e.g., thyrotoxicosis, diabetic ketosis) |
| Surgical procedures involving the heart | |
| Pulmonary hypertension |
Ponikowski P, et al.; 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC, European Heart Journal 2016; 37 (27): 2129–2200, doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128. Reproduced by permission of Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. © European Society of Cardiology.