Table 3. Indication for surgical treatment in patients with AHF.

Indication for surgical treatment
Cardiogenic shock in MI patients with multi-vessel coronary artery disease
Ventricular septal rupture
Ventricular free wall rupture
Acute exacerbation of valvular heart disease
Failure or thrombosis of a prosthetic valve
Rupture of an aortic aneurysm into the pericardium, or aortic dissection
Ischemic papillary muscle rupture or malfunction, chorda rupture, endocarditis, or acute mitral insufficiency due to external injury
Endocarditis, aortic dissection, or acute aortic insufficiency caused by closed chest trauma
Ruptured aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva
Acute exacerbation of cardiac insufficiency in patients receiving mechanical circulatory support
Hemodynamically unstable pulmonary embolism for which thrombolytic treatment is not possible

Ponikowski P, et al.; 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC, European Heart Journal 2016; 37 (27): 2129–2200, doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128. Reproduced by permission of Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. © European Society of Cardiology.

AHF = acute heart failure; MI = myocardial infarction.