Table 1.
Overview of the diagnostic performance of biomarkers in detecting kidney transplant rejection.
| Authors | Biomarkers | Sample size | Rejection type | AUC | Sensitivity% | Specificity% | PPV% | NPV% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Suthanthiran et al. (28) | Three-gene signature in urine cell pellets |
N = 485 kidney transplant patients N = 4,300 urine samples |
Acute TCMR | 0.74 | 71 | 72 | ||
| Roedder et al. (29) | kSORT |
N = 436 kidney transplant patients N = 558 blood samples |
Acute rejection (both TCMR and ABMR) | 0.94 | 83.0 | 90.6 | 93.2 | |
| Hricik et al. (30) | CXCL9 protein | N = 255 kidney transplant patients | Banff ≥ 1 rejection | 0.86 | 85.2 | 80.7 | 67.6 | 92 |
| Rabant et al. (31) | CXCL9 |
N = 247 kidney transplant patients N = 290 matched kidney biopsies and urine samples |
TCMR | 0.86 | 80 | 87 | 23.5 | 98.9 |
| Rabant et al. (31) | CXCL10 |
N = 247 kidney transplant patients N = 290 matched kidney biopsies and urine samples |
ABMR | 0.70 | 73 | 61.6 | 25.7 | 92.6 |
| Rabant et al. (31) | CXCL10 |
N = 247 kidney transplant patients N = 290 matched kidney biopsies and urine samples |
Mixed rejections | 0.80 | 74.2 | 83.3 | 40.4 | 95.5 |
| Bloom et al. (32) | dd-cfDNA |
N = 102 kidney transplant patients N = 107 plasma samples matched with a biopsy. |
Active rejection | 0.74 | 59 | 85 | 61 | 84 |
AUC, area under the curve; NPV, negative predictive value; PPV, positive predictive value; CXCL, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand; ABMR, antibody mediated rejection; TCMR, T cell mediated rejection; dd-cfDNA, donor-derived cell free DNA.