Table 1.
Rates of previously observed evidence of leopard presence at primate study sites in sub-Saharan Africa
| Country | Study site | Site area (km2) | Primary habitat | Study period (length) | Number of observations | Mean rate of evidence of leopard presence | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Botswana | Moremi Wildlife Reserve | 4610 | Seasonally inundated grassland and woodland | 1977–1980 (30 months) | 9 predation attempts (direct observations or scats near carcass) | 0.3/month | Busse (1980) |
| Central African Republic | Dzanga-Sangha Special Reserve & Dzanga-Ndoki NP | 4381 | Semi-deciduous forest | 1992–1994 (25 months) | 160 scats | 6.4/month | Ray and Sunquist (2001) |
| Democratic Republic of Congo | Edoro Study Area, Ituri Forest | 45 | Semi-evergreen forest | 1988–1989 (6 months) | 222 scats | 37/month | Hart et al. (1996) |
| Lui Kotale, Salonga NP | 65 | Evergreen forest | 2004 (2 months) | – | 0.11 tracks or scratchings/km | D’Amour et al. (2006) | |
| Gabon | Lopé NP | 4964 | Semi-evergreen forest | 1993–2001 (99 months) | 196 scats | 2/month | Henschel et al. (2005) |
| Ivory Coast | Taï NP | 3300 | Evergreen forest | 1992–1994 (13 months) | 200 scats | 15/month | Zuberbühler and Jenny (2002) |
| 1980–1981 (15 months) | 215 scats | 14/month | Hoppe-Dominik (1984) | ||||
| Kenya | Amboseli NP | 392 | Acacia spp. savanna woodland | 1983; 1986–1987 | – | 0.63 direct observations/month | Isbell (1990) |
| Segera Ranch, Laikipia | 170 | Acacia spp. savanna woodland | 1998–1999 (130 days) | 9 direct observations or tracks | 2.1/month | Jaffe and Isbell (2010) | |
| 1997–1999 (22 months) | 6 direct observations, scats, or tracks | 0.27/month | Isbell and Enstam (2002) | ||||
| Tanzania | Mahale Mountains NP | 1613 | Semi-deciduous forest; miombo woodland | 2012 (41 days) | 142 scats | 104/month | Nakazawa et al. (2013) |
| Mt. Rungwe Nature Reserve & Kitulo NP | 563 | Montane forest and grassland | 2003–2010 | 76 scats | 0.03/km | De Luca and Mpunga (2018) | |
| Issa Valley | 60 | Miombo woodland; evergreen riverine forest | 2008–2009 (12 months) | 12 direct observations, vocalizations, scats, or tracks | 1/month | Hernandez-Aguilar (2006) | |
| 2001–2003 (21 month) | – | 2 – 4 vocalizations, scats, or tracks/month | Hernandez-Aguilar (2006) | ||||
| Udzungwa Mountains NP | 1999 | Montane evergreen forest; deciduous woodland | 2001–2002 (13 months) | 28 scats | 0.03/km | De Luca and Mpunga (2005) |
Only sites at which leopards were extant at the time of study are included (NP: national park)