Table 2.
Overview on analytical methods for the determination of ZEN and its modified forms in food and feed (in chronological order)
| Compoundsa | Method of analysis–way of determination | Extraction | Clean-up | Sample matrices | Limit of detection | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ZEN, ZEN14Glc, α-ZEL, β-ZEL | HPLC-FLD–direct/indirect (hydrolysis with b-glucosidase) | Chloroform | None | Cereals, feces, urine | nr | Gareis et al. 1990 |
| ZEN, ZEN14Glc, β-ZEL | HPLC-FLD–direct | None | None | Analytical standard after chemical synthesis | nr. | Zill et al. 1990 |
| ZEN, ZEN14Glc | LC-MS (ESI+)–direct | Acetonitrile/water 84/16 (v/v) | SPE (Florisil) | Wheat | 10 μg/kg | Schneweis et al. 2002 |
| ZEN, ZEN14Glc, ZEN14Sulf, α-ZEL, β-ZEL, α-ZEL14Glc, β-ZEL14Glc | LC-MS/MS (ESI−)–direct | Acetonitrile/water 75/25 (v/v) | None (direct measurement of an aliquot of the extract) | Arabidopsis thaliana (model plant) | nr | Berthiller et al. 2006 |
| ZEN, ZEN14Glc, ZEN14Sulf, α-ZEL, β-ZEL | LC-MS/MS (ESI−)–direct | Acetonitrile/water/acetic acid 79/20/1 (v/v/v) | None (direct measurement of an aliquot of the extract) | Wheat, maize | 0.03–2.0 μg/kg | Sulyok et al. 2006 |
| ZEN, ZEN14Glc, ZEN14Sulf, α-ZEL, β-ZEL, α-ZEL14Glc, β-ZEL14Glc | LC-MS/MS (ESI−)–direct | Acetonitrile/water/acetic acid 79/20/1 (v/v/v) | None (direct measurement of an aliquot of the extract) | Pasta, popcorn, cornflour, porridge, beer | 1.0–20 μg/kg | Vendl et al. 2009 |
| ZEN, α-ZEL, β-ZEL | LC-MS/MS (ESI−)–direct | Acetonitrile/water 84/16 (v/v) | None (direct measurement of an aliquot of the extract) | Wheat, barley, spelt, oat, bread | 2.0 μg/kg | Juan et al. 2012 |
| ZEN, ZEN14Glc, ZEN14Sulf, α-ZEL, β-ZEL, α-ZEL14Glc, β-ZEL14Glc, ZAN | LC-MS/MS (ESI+)–direct | Acetonitrile/water/acetic acid 79/20/1 (v/v/v) | Defatting with hexane | Wheat, maize, oat, bread, cornflakes | 5.0–13 μg/kg | De Boevre et al. 2012 |
| ZEN, ZEN14Glc | ELISA–indirect (hydrolysis with glucosidase from A. niger) | Methanol/water 80/20 (v/v) | None (direct application of the extract after dilution with PBS) | Wheat, maize, breakfast cereals, feed | 3.0 μg/kg | Beloglazova et al. 2013 |
| ZEN, α-ZEL, β-ZEL, ZAN, α-ZAL, β-ZAL | LC-MS/MS (ESI−)–direct | Acetonitrile/water 90/10 (v/v) | SPE (BondElut Mycotoxin) | Muscle, liver, kidney, milk, eggs | 0.2–0.4 μg/kg | Chen et al. 2013 |
| ZEN, ZEN14Glc, ZEN14Sulf, α-ZEL, β-ZEL, α-ZEL14Glc, β-ZEL14Glc | LC-MS/MS (ESI−)–direct | Acetonitrile/water/acetic acid 79/20/1 (v/v/v) | None (direct measurement of an aliquot of the extract) | Cereal-based food and feed, silage | nr | Streit et al. 2013b |
| ZEN, α-ZEL | LC-MS/MS (ESI−)–direct | Acetonitrile (8 ml added to 2 g milk) | SPE (Oasis HLB) | Milk and milk powder | 0.005 μg/kg | Huang et al. 2014 |
nr not reported
aNomenclature of ZEN glucoside or sulfates adopted where appropriate
bThe applied method was only validated for ZEN in apple puree for infants, hazelnuts, maize, green pepper (Malachová et al. 2014). Spectrum and performance criteria of metabolites were not explicitly listed