. 2018 Sep 13;35(1):27–46. doi: 10.1007/s12550-018-0328-z

Table 3.

Overview on occurrence data on ZEN and its modified forms in various cereal-based matrices and animal products (all mean, median, and maximal concentrations are specified in μg/kg)

Sample (no of samples)	ZEN		α-ZEL		β-ZEL		ZEN14Glc		ZEN14Sulf		α-ZEL14Glc		β-ZEL14Glc		Reference
Sample (no of samples)	Mean/Median	Max	Mean/Median	Max	Mean/Median	Max	Mean/Median	Max	Mean/Median	Max	Mean/Median	Max	Mean/Median	Max
Cereals
Barley (34)	13.7^a	17	0.6^a	0.6	2^a	2	2.7^a	9.6	11^a	26	2.9^a	5.1	0.7^a	0.7	Nathanail et al. 2015
Maize (6)	270^b	1071	63^b	262	16.5^b	103	nd^b	274	nd^b	51	nd^b	283	55^b	193	De Boevre et al. 2012
Maize (36)	925^b	15,700	nq^b,c	7970^c			nq^b,d	9750^d							De Boevre et al. 2014
Maize (6)	nd^b	6326	nd^b	35	nd^b	174	na	na	nd^b	136	na	na	na	na	Streit et al. 2013
Oats (31)	77^a	675	1.9^a	2.3	3^a	6	nq^a	nq	32^a	220	nd^a	nd^a	nd^a	nd^a	Nathanail et al. 2015
Oats (6)	29^b	85	nd^b	68	nd^b	46	nd^b	nd	nd^b	12	nd^b	nd	nd^b	20	De Boevre et al. 2012
Wheat (30)	38^a	234	0.6^a	0.7	3.5^a	6.9	0.6^a	0.6	4.9^a	23	3.1^a	4.4	nd^a	nd^a	Nathanail et al. 2015
Wheat (6)	38^b	109	nd^b	16	nd^b	49	nd^b	nd	nd^b	11	nd^b	nd	nd^b	nd	De Boevre et al. 2012
Wheat (24)	nr	860	na	na	na	na	nr	104	na	na	na	na	na	na	Schneweis et al. 2002
Cereal products
Bran-enriched bread (36)	38^a	157	6^a	60	13^a	96	18^a	155	4^a	143	0.3^a	12	6^a	153	De Boevre et al. 2013
Bran flakes (3)	40.1^b	48.9	nd^b	nd	nd^b	nd	nd^b	nd	5.8^b	6.2	nd^b	nd	nd^b	nd	Vendl et al. 2010
Fiber-enriched bread (52)	29^a	230	6^a	110	7^a	86	15^a	154	4^a	176	3^a	63	7^a	153	De Boevre et al. 2013
Bread (6)	31^b	53	nd^b	110	35^b	96	nd^b	20	nd^b	24	nd^b	nd	nd^b	nd	De Boevre et al. 2012
Bread (10)	nd^b	nq	nd^b	nd	nd^b	nd	nd^b	nd	nq^b	2.2	nd^b	nd	nd^b	nd	Vendl et al. 2010
Breakfast Cereals (62)	76^a	450	43^a	515	17^a	147	39^a	369	23^a	417	11^a	192	11^a	206	De Boevre et al. 2013
Breakfast cereals (14)	nq^b	44.2	nd^b	nd	nd^b	nd	nd^b	nd	1.0^b	6.1	nd^b	nd	nd^b	nd	Vendl et al. 2010
Cornflakes (6)	45^b	90	nd^b	34	47^b	63	nd^b	nd	nd^b	nd	nd^b	nd	nd^b	nd	De Boevre et al. 2012
Crackers (3)	14.5^b	16.0	nd^b	nd	nd^b	nd	nd^b	nd	2.2^b	2.9	nd^b	nd	nd^b	nd	Vendl et al. 2010
Oatmeal (13)	41^a	85	10^a	68	8^a	46	12^a	91	4^a	36	1^a	10	2^a	10	De Boevre et al. 2013
Popcorn (12)	9^a	51	3^a	32	5^a	47	nd^a	nd	1^a	12	nd^a	nd	1^a	10	De Boevre et al. 2013
Wheat flour (3)	nd^b	18	nd^b	nd	nd^b	nd	nd^b	nd	1.8^b	3.5	nd^b	nd	nd^b	nd	Vendl et al. 2010
Wheat flour (3)	164^b	200	na	na	na	na	na	na	45.9^b	70.7	na	na	na	na	Schwake-Anduschus et al. 2015
Animal products
Milk (42)	0.017^a	0.046	0.028^a	0.074	na	na	na	na	na	na	na	na	na	na	Huang et al. 2014
Milk powder (8)	0.012^a	0.012	0.043^a	0.064	na	na	na	na	na	na	na	na	na	na	Huang et al. 2014
Porcine muscle (10)	na	na	nd^b	1.11	nd^b	nd	na	na	na	na	na	na	na	na	Chen et al. 2013
Porcine liver (10)	na	na	nd^b	2.23	nd^b	nd	na	na	na	na	na	na	na	na	Chen et al. 2013
Milk (5)	na	na	nd^b	nd	nd^b	1.25	na	na	na	na	na	na	na	na	Chen et al. 2013
Eggs (5)	na	na	nd^b	nd	nd^b	2.51	na	na	na	na	na	na	na	na	Chen et al. 2013

na not analyzed, nd not detectable, nq not quantifiable, nr not reported

^aMean

^bMedian

^cSum of α-ZEL and β-ZEL

^dSum of ZEN14Glc, ZEN14Sulf, α-ZEL14Glc, β-ZEL14Glc