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. 2019 Jan 14;9:93. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36500-2

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Chondrocyte swelling and proliferation. (a) H&E staining of cartilage explants after 2- and 8-day IL-1β treatment. Cell swelling, also termed as fattening, and proliferation can be observed after 8-day IL-1β culture. Scale bar = 200 µm. (b) Cell volume of chondrocytes in cartilage explants measured by 3D confocal imaging. Scale bar = 30 µm. (c) Cell proliferation rate determined by MTT assay. (d) Visualization of Ras superfamily signaling pathway regulated by IL-1β-treatment. Flowchart was plotted using RNAseq data in Pathview (version 3.6). Each node represented a gene, and the associated node color represented the expression changes in log2 ratios. For better readability, multiple genes with similar or redundant functional roles were pooled together as a single node. Absolute value of the maximum of expression changes of these genes was reflected by the node color. All data were shown as mean ± 95% confidence intervals. * vs control, p < 0.001 if otherwise marked.