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. 2019 Jan 14;9:93. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36500-2

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Calcium signaling of chondrocytes in cartilage explants. (a) Visualization of calcium signaling pathway regulated by IL-1β. (b) Illustration of calcium signaling. Half cartilage explant was dyed with fluorescent indicator and imaged on a confocal microscope for 15 minutes. Due to the fluctuation of [Ca²⁺]_i concentration, image intensity of chondrocyte oscillates in recorded video (see supplementary material for calcium signaling video). (c) Definition of spatiotemporal parameters of [Ca²⁺]_i peaks. (d) Representative [Ca²⁺]_i curves of in situ chondrocytes from the control group and IL-1β treated group. (e) Parameters of [Ca²⁺]_i peaks, including the average number of [Ca²⁺]_i peaks, magnitude of peaks, time to reach a peak, and time between neighboring peaks. All data were shown as mean ± 95% confidence intervals. * vs control, p < 0.05 if otherwise marked.