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. 2019 Jan 14;9:86. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36228-z

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The physical barrier strategy for cadmium tolerance in cotton. (A) A heat map illustrating the differential expression of genes related to the formation of a physical barrier under Cd stress. x axis is log₂^x value of relative expression level. (B) Lignin biosynthetic pathway genes differentially expressed under cadmium stress. (C) A schematic diagram of the obstruction of cadmium ion transport by the Casparian strip in cotton roots.