Table 2.
Examples of factors that can be exploited to increase secondary metabolites in plants.
| Metabolite | Plant Species | Factor Manipulated | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Morphine, codeine | Papaver somniferum | Vertcillium dahliae | [136] |
| Indole alkaloids | Catharanthus roseus | Fungal elicitor | [133,137] |
| Indole alkaloids | Catharanthus roseus | Diethyl amino ethyl dichloro phenyl ether | [138] |
| N-acetyl-tryptamine | Catharanthus roseus | Pythium aphanidermatum | [139] |
| Ajmalicine | Catharanthus roseus | Trichoderma viride | [140] |
| Catharanthine | Catharanthus roseus | Vanadium sulphate | [141] |
| Camalexin, indole glucosinolates | Arabidopsis thaliana | Erwinia carotovora | [142] |
| Camalexin | Arabidopsis thaliana | Oxidative stress, amino acid starvation | [143] |
| Diterpenoid tanshinones | Salvia miltiorrhiza | Yeast elicitor | [144] |
| Rutacridone epoxide | Ruta graveolens | Chitosan | [145] |
| Silymarin | Silybum marianum | Yeast extract, Methyl jasmonate | [146] |
| Rosmarinic acid | Coleus blumei | [147] | |
| Saponins | Panax ginseng | Low-energy ultrasound | [148] |
| Diosgenin | Dioscorea deltoida | Rhizopus arrhizus | [149] |
| Hyoscyamine, scopolamine | Hyoscyamus niger | Fungal elicitor, | [150] |
| Hyoscyamine, scopolamine | Hyoscyamus muticus | Fungal elicitor, Methyl jasmonate | [150] |
| Salidroside | Rhodiola sachalinensis | Aspergillus niger, Coriolus versicolor, Ganoderma lucidum | [151] |
| Sanguinarine | Papaver bracteatum | Dendryphion | [152] |
| Taxol | Taxus chinensis | Fungal elicitor | [153] |
| Tropane alkaloids | Brugmansia suaveolens | Spodoptera frugiperda, Methyl jasmonate | [154] |
| Scopoletin | Ammi majus | Enterobacter sakazaki | [155] |
| Tanshinone | Salvia miltiorrhiza | Hyperosmotic stress, yeast elicitor | [156] |
| Acridone expoxide | Ruta gravelones | Fungal poly saccharide | [145] |
| Colchicine | Valeriana wallichii | Valepotriates | [157] |
| Sesquiterpenoids | Datura stramonium | Metal ions | [158] |
| Capsidiol, debneyol, scopoletin, nicotine | Nicotiana tabacum | Phytopthora cryptogea, Yeast extract, Cryptogein Cellulase, Methyl jasmonate | [159,160,161] |
| Raucaffrincine | Rauwolfia canescens | Yeast elicitor, Methyl jasmonate | [162,163] |
| Kinobeon A | Carthamus tinctorius | Blue green algae | [164] |
| Isoflavonoids | Lotus corniculatus | Glutathione | [165] |
| Digoxin, Purpureaglycoside A | Digitalis lanata | Temperature | [166] |
| Ubiquinone | Nicotiana tabacum | Temperature | [167] |
| Crude alkaloids | Catharanthus roseus | Temperature | [168] |
| Anthocyanin | Daucas carota | Light | [169] |
| Sesquiterpenes | Marticaria chamomilla | Light | [170] |
| Monoterpenes | Citrus limo | Light | [171] |
| Catechin, epicatechin, | Malus × domestica Borkh | Chilling | [172] |
| Flavonoids, tannins | Cyrtanthus contractus, C. guthrieae | Sodium chloride | [173] |
| Digitoxin | Digitalis purpurea | Phosphate | [174] |
| Betacyanin | Chenopodium rubrum | Phosphate | [174,175] |
| Betacyanin | Phytolacca americana | Phosphate | [38,176] |