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The effect of dihydrocaffeic acid (DHCA) on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 activity assessed by in vitro zymography. The image is representative of a typical zymogram for MMP-2 and MMP-9. The graphs show the effect of DHCA on MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity. EDTA is a positive control (20 mM). Data are represented as mean ± SEM (n = 3 per group) and are normalized as a percentage of the vehicle-treated group. *** p < 0.001 compared with the vehicle-treated group.
