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. 2015 Jun 26;20(7):11808–11829. doi: 10.3390/molecules200711808

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© 2015 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Anti-tumor aggregation effects of β-caryophyllene on in vitro HCT 116 cellular spheroids in a hanging drop assay. The cellular aggregates treated with vehicle (0.1% DMSO) developed in a solid spheroid shape within 9 days (A–C), whereas, β-caryophyllene at a concentration of 5 µM displayed significant inhibitory effect on the HCT 116 cellular aggregate microspheroids (D–F). At a concentration 10 µM, β-caryophyllene completely obliterated the solid cellular aggregates of HCT 116 cells on the 9th day of seeding (G–I). Similar effects were observed with the standard reference, 5-flourouracil (J–L). Graphical representation (M) of the dose dependent inhibitory effect of β-caryophyllene on in vitro cellular aggregates of HCT 116 cells on 9th day of treatment. The results are presented as mean ± SD, n = 6 (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01).