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Viability of RAW 264.7 cells pre-treated for 1 h with methanol extract, followed by 18 h co-treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or LPS vehicle. Results are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean of five independent experiments, performed in duplicate. * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0001 compared to the respective control (with or without LPS); # p < 0.05 LPS exposed cells compared with cells exposed only to the respective extract concentration.
