Table 3.
Summary of in vivo experiments: breast cancer and polyphenols.
Author, Year | Animals | Dose and Duration of Administration | Result |
---|---|---|---|
Genistein | |||
Murrill W.B. et al., 1996 [216] | Pre-pubertal Sprague-Dawley rats with DMBA induced carcinoma | 500 μg/g body weight in P16, P18, P20 | Reduction in carcinoma incidence |
Jin Z. et al., 2002 [217] | Pre-pubertal rats with DMBA induced carcinoma | 500 mg/kg body weight in P7, P20 | Reduction in tumor multiplicity by 60% |
Cabanes A. et al., 2004 [221] | Pre-pubertal female rats with DMBA induced carcinoma | 50 µg (injection) daily from P7 to P20 | Reduction in the size of the mammary epithelial area, reduction in number of TEB, increased density of lobulo-alveolar structures (increased differentiation), up-regulation of breast cancer tumor suppressor gene 1 (BRCA1) mRNA |
Ju Y.H. et al., 2001 [218] | Ovariectomized athymic mice with MCF-7 xenografts | 125, 1000 μg/g body weight in the diet for 22 weeks | Tumor size was increased in dose-dependent manner; cell proliferation was enhanced at concentration >250 μg/g; increased in pS2, an estrogen responsive gene at concentration >500 μg/g |
Ju Y.H. et al., 2002 [219] | Ovariectomized athymic BALB/c (nude) mice with MCF-7 xenografts | 1000 ppm (1000 μg/g body weight) | Genistein canceled the inhibitory effect of tamoxifen, decreased estradiol level in plasma, increased expression estradiol regulated genes (pS2, progesterone, cyclin D1) |
Jin Z. et al., 2002 [217] | Transgenic mice for MMTV-neu gene | 250 mg/kg for 7 weeks | Mammary tumor latency delayed compared to controls; no reduction in in the number or tumor size |
Kijkuokool P. et al., 2006 [220] | Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to NMU | 1 mg/kg body weight daily subcutaneous injection for 20 weeks | Increased tumor cross-sectional area, increased tumor multiplicity, but not tumor incidence |
Daidzein | |||
Constantinou A.I. et al., 2001 [222] | Female Sprague-Dawley rats with DMBA breast carcinoma induction | 200 mg/kg diet | Tumor incidence and survival similar to control groups; reduction in tumor multiplicity by 32%; increased median tumor latency |
Jin Z. et al., 2002 [217] | Transgenic mice for MMTV-neu gene | 250 mg/kg for 7 weeks | Mammary tumor latency delayed compared to controls; no reduction in in the number or tumor size |
Lamartiniere C.A. et al., 2002 [223] | Virgin female rats | 250 and 1000 mg/kg in the diet, 2 weeks prior to breeding till 50 day postpartum | Moderate reduction in ovarian and uterine weights and mammary gland size; reduced body weight; reduction in circulating progesterone |
Ju Y.H. et al., 2006 [224] | Ovariectomized athymic mice with MCF-7 human xenografts | 125 to 1000 ppm (125 to 1000 μg/g body weight) | No statistical significant reduction in tumor size and proliferation |
Resveratrol | |||
Banerjee S. et al., 2002 [225] | Female Sprague-Dawley rats with DMBA breast carcinoma induction | 10 ppm | Reduction in the incidence (by 45%) and multiplicity (by 55%) of the tumors; increased latency period; suppressed COX-2, MMP-9, NF-kB; no effect on body weight or tumor volume |
Whitsett T. et al., 2006 [226] | Female Sprague-Dawley rats with DMBA breast carcinoma induction | 1 g/kg in the diet | Suppression of mammary carcionogenesis: less number of tumors per rat, longer tumor latency; reduced proliferation; increased apoptosis in epithelial cells of TEB; reduced toxicity: no alterations in body weight |
Singh B. et al., 2014 [129] | August Copenhagen Irish rats (rodent model of breast carcionogenesis) | 50 mg subcutaneous pellet per month, 8 months | Decreased tumor incidence and increases latency in mammary tumors induced by estradiol; upregulated NRF2, a regulator of the anti-oxidant response; induced apoptosis (increased p53 and PARP cleavage) in mammary tissue |
EGCG | |||
Whitsett T. et al., 2006 [226] | Female Sprague Dawley rats with DMBA and NMU mammary cancer induction | 0.065% in the drinking water | Not efficient in reduction of breast cancer incidence at these doses |
Quercetin | |||
Verma A.K. et al., 1998 [227] | Female Sprague Dawley rats with DMBA and NMU mammary cancer induction | 5% in the diet | Reduction in the number of tumors; decreased tumor multiplicity; no detectable signs of toxicity (similar body weight in treated and control rats) |
Singh B. et al., 2010 [228] | Female August Copenhagen Irish (ACI) rats | 2.5 g/kg in diet, 8 months | No induction of tumors in ACI rats; did not protect against estrogen-induced tumors; did not confer protection against breast cancer and may worsen breast cancer status regularly exposed to estradiol |
Curcumin | |||
Masuelli L. et al., 2013 [121] | BALB-neuT transgenic mice for neu oncogene | n.m. | Increased tumor-free survival; reduction in tumor multiplicity; safe to be administrated: no modification in hematological and clinical chemistry parameters |
Abbreviations: P, postnatal day; DMBA, 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)antracen; TEB, terminal end buds; BRCA1, breast cancer tumor suppressor gene 1; Nrf2, nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2; NMU, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea; ppm, parts per million; MMTV, mouse mammary tumor virus; n.m., not mentioned.