Table 2.
Risk factors for under-five mortality using multiple logistic regression models
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | |
| Type of birth | |||
| Single birth | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Multiple birth | 0.22 (0.16, 0.31)*** | 0.48 (0.31, 0.76)** | 0.47 (0.30, 0.75)** |
| Sex of child | |||
| Male | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Female | 1.17 (0.92, 1.49) | 1.31 (1.00, 1.72)* | 1.31 (1.01, 1.72)* |
| Respondent’s current age | – | 1.03 (0.99, 1.06) | 1.03 (0.99, 1.06) |
| Highest education level | |||
| No education | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | |
| Primary | 1.62 (1.09, 2.44)* | 1.45 (0.96, 2.21) | |
| Secondary | 1.27 (0.87, 1.84) | 1.22 (0.82, 1.81) | |
| Higher | 0.85 (0.41, 1.91) | 0.95 (0.45, 2.15) | |
| Religion | |||
| Islam | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | |
| Christian | 1.27 (0.91, 1.77) | 1.06 (0.73, 1.54) | |
| Traditionalist/spiritualist | 1.13 (0.55, 2.62) | 1.13 (0.54, 2.63) | |
| No religion | 0.99 (0.53, 2.00) | 0.89 (0.47, 1.83) | |
| Number of children < 5 years | – | 6.72 (5.48, 8.30)*** | 7.2 (5.82, 8.96)*** |
| Wealth index | |||
| Rich | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | |
| Poor | 0.95 (0.65, 1.38) | 1.19 (0.72, 1.96) | |
| Average | 1.06 (0.70, 1.62) | 1.15 (0.72, 1.83) | |
| Total children ever born | – | 0.81 (0.73, 0.90)*** | 0.81 (0.73, 0.9)*** |
| Births in last five years | – | 0.17 (0.13, 0.21)*** | 0.16 (0.12, 0.21)*** |
| Contraceptive use/ intention | |||
| Using modern method | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | |
| Using traditional method | 2.28 (0.68, 14.20) | 2.2 (0.65, 13.78) | |
| Non-user - intends to use later | 0.73 (0.49, 1.08) | 0.76 (0.51, 1.12) | |
| Does not intend to use | 0.55 (0.37, 0.81)** | 0.56 (0.37, 0.82)** | |
| Covered by health insurance | |||
| No | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | |
| Yes | 0.97 (0.72, 1.30) | 0.99 (0.72, 1.33) | |
| Place of residence | |||
| Urban | 1.00 (Reference) | ||
| Rural | 1.03 (0.71, 1.49) | ||
| Region | |||
| Western | 1.00 (Reference) | ||
| Central | 0.43 (0.21, 0.84)* | ||
| Greater Accra | 0.9 (0.38, 2.16) | ||
| Volta | 0.39 (0.18, 0.83)* | ||
| Eastern | 0.33 (0.16, 0.64)** | ||
| Ashanti | 0.46 (0.23, 0.89)* | ||
| Brong Ahafo | 0.48 (0.23, 0.96)* | ||
| Northern | 0.26 (0.13, 0.50)*** | ||
| Upper east | 0.48 (0.22, 1.04) | ||
| Upper west | 0.38 (0.18, 0.76)** | ||
aOR Adjusted odds ratio, CI Confidence interval
*: p-value < 0.05. **: p-value < 0.01. ***: p-value < 0.001