Table 5.
Cognition and depression
| Group: | Lowlanders | Highlanders | P values | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subgroup: | Controls (n = 17) | CMS− (n = 14) | CMS+ (n = 23) | CMS− vs. controls | CMS+ vs. controls | CMS+ vs. CMS− |
| Learning and memory | ||||||
| Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test A1–A5 (n) | 48 ± 8 | 34 ± 9* | 30 ± 9* | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.538 |
| Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test B1 (n) | 5 ± 1 | 4 ± 1 | 3 ± 1* | 0.335 | <0.001 | 0.116 |
| Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test A6 (n) | 9 ± 4 | 8 ± 3 | 5 ± 2*† | 0.392 | <0.001 | 0.044 |
| Working memory | ||||||
| Repetition of Digits Backwards (n) | 6 ± 2 | 4 ± 1* | 4 ± 2* | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.000 |
| Trail Making Test B (s) | 74 ± 31 | 106 ± 43 | 109 ± 51* | 0.137 | 0.044 | 1.000 |
| Attention/information processing | ||||||
| Repetition of Digits Forwards (n) | 8 ± 2 | 4 ± 2* | 4 ± 2* | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.000 |
| Trail Making Test A (s) | 37 ± 15 | 41 ± 18 | 48 ± 17 | 0.155 (between groups) | ||
| Digit Symbol Substitution Test (n) | 54 ± 12 | 42 ± 12* | 37 ± 13* | 0.034 | <0.001 | 0.555 |
| Stroop Task A (s) | No data | 14 ± 2 | 17 ± 5† | N/A | N/A | 0.048 |
| Stroop Task B (s) | No data | 38 ± 14 | 41 ± 15 | N/A | N/A | 0.555 |
| Montreal Cognitive Assessment (points) | 26 ± 3 | 24 ± 4 | 21 ± 5*† | 0.676 | 0.001 | 0.044 |
| Montreal Cognitive Assessment Score ≤25 points (n/%) | 5/29 | 7/50 | 20/87*† | 0.241 | <0.001 | 0.014 |
| Visuomotor coordination | ||||||
| Grooved Pegboard Dexterity Test‐Dominant (s) | 73 ± 11 | 67 ± 8 | 71 ± 12 | 0.296 (between groups) | ||
| Grooved Pegboard Dexterity Test‐Non Dominant (s) | 83 ± 24 | 72 ± 11 | 81 ± 23 | 0.309 (between groups) | ||
| Depression | ||||||
| Beck's Depression Inventory (points) | 6 ± 5 | 7 ± 10 | 16 ± 13*† | 1.000 | 0.014 | 0.044 |
Values are mean ± SD; CMS−/CMS+, highlanders without/with chronic mountain sickness; n, number correct. *Different vs. lowlanders (P < 0.05); †different vs. CMS− (P < 0.05). Data were analysed using one‐way ANOVAs and post hoc Bonferonni‐adjusted independent samples t‐tests with the exception of MoCA cut‐point (≤25 points) analysed using Pearson chi‐square tests with standardised residuals.