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. 2019 Jan 1;9(1):48–64. doi: 10.7150/thno.29715

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In vitro transdermal and dermal delivery of HA-ES, ES, and PGS in mouse skin after 8 h of topical administration (A, cumulative transdermal permeation; B, cumulative curcumin content in the skin (n = 3); C, CLSM tomography of psoriasis-like mouse skin; D, calculated curcumin permeation depth into the skin by CLSM tomography (n = 3). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. HA, hyaluronic acid; HA-ES, curcumin-loaded HA-modified ethosomes; ES, curcumin-loaded ethosomes; PGS, curcumin 25% propylene glycol solution.