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. 2019 Jan 1;9(1):48–64. doi: 10.7150/thno.29715

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mRNA levels of IL-17A (A), IL-17F (B), IL-22 (C), IL-1β (D), and TNF-α (E) in the ear tissues of mice after treatment with the various formulations for 10 days, as measured by real-time PCR (n = 6). *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001. Normal, mice treated without any formulations; Model, treated with IMQ only; HA, hyaluronic acid; HA-ES, curcumin-loaded HA-modified ethosomes; ES, curcumin-loaded ethosomes; PGS, curcumin 25% propylene glycol solution; IMQ, imiquimod ointment; CP, clobetasol propionate cream.