Figure 3.

(A) The cytotoxicity of POCL against LO2 cells after incubation for 24 h or 48 h. (B) The cytotoxicity of POCL against HeLa cells at various PFPV concentrations in the presence or absence of 0.2 μM H₂O₂ (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001; n = 4 per group). (C) The cytotoxicity of different kinds of nanoparticles (expressed as POCL/CPPO-, POCL/PFPV-, POCL/TPP-, POCL, or POCL/FA-) against HeLa cells in the presence of 0.2 μM H₂O₂. All concentrations of nanoparticles were kept the same with the counterpart PFPV of 40 μg/mL (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001; n = 4 per group). (D) Fluorescence microscopic images of HeLa cells stained by the live/dead cell staining kit after different treatments as mentioned above. Scale bar = 100 µm. (E) Evaluation of the cell death mechanisms through Annexin V-FITC and PI staining after different treatments as mentioned above. (F) Intracellular ROS generation mediated by different treatments as mentioned above. Scale bar = 100 µm.