Table 1. Baseline characteristics of study population.

	HIV-positive (n = 84)	HIV-negative (n = 117)	P value
Demographic characteristics
Men	25 (29.8%)	76 (65.0%)	<0.01
Age	42.4 (10.4)	39.0 (14.8)	0.08
Education level			0.37
None or Primary	21 (25.0%)	30 (25.6%)
Secondary or higher	63 (75.0%)	87 (74.4%)
Employment status			0.02
Unemployed	41 (48.8%)	55 (47.0%)
Employed	34 (40.5%)	34 (29.1%)
Retired	9 (10.7%)	17 (14.5%)
Student	0 (0.0%)	11 (9.4%)
Tobacco smoking			<0.01
Never smoking	57 (67.9%)	50 (42.7%)
Current smoking	15 (17.9%)	46 (39.3%)
Former smoking	12 (14.3%)	21 (17.9%)
No. cigarettes smoked daily*	8.8 (9.3)	6.3 (3.8)	0.40
Marijuana smoking	10 (11.9%)	27 (23.1%)	0.04
Cooking fuel			0.83
Gas	6(7.1%)	5 (4.3%)
Electricity	73 (86.9%)	104 (88.9%)
Paraffin	2 (2.4%)	3 (2.6%)
Kerosene	0 (0.0%)	1 (0.9%)
Solid fuels	3 (3.6%)	4 (3.4%)
Use of fuel of heating (n = 77)			0.28
Gas	0 (0.0%)	3 (6.7%)
Electricity	31 (96.9%)	39 (86.7%)
Kerosene	0 (0.0%)	2 (4.4%)
Solid fuels	1 (3.1%)	1 (2.2%)
Occupational exposure
Mining work	5 (6.0%)	15 (12.8%)	0.11
Dusty job ≥1 year	12 (14.3%)	26 (22.2%)	0.16
Chemicals or fumes ≥ 1 year	5 (6.0%)	9 (7.7%)	0.63
Medical history
Pneumonia	8 (9.5%)	2 (1.7%)	0.01
Pulmonary TB	29 (34.5%)	6 (5.1%)	<0.01
HIV-related characteristics
Years since diagnosis, mean (SD)	5.3 (4.5)	-
On ART	69 (82.1%)
First line	68 (98.6%)	-
Years since start ART, median (IQR)	5.0 (2.0–8.0)	-
CD4 count cells/mm3 (n = 83)
<200	13 (15.7%)	-
200–350	11 (13.3%)	-
>350	59 (71.1%)	-
Viral load cp/ml (n = 78)
<50	54 (69.2%)	-
51–1000	7 (9.0%)	-
>1000	17 (21.8%)	-

IQR, interquartile range, TB, tuberculosis.

Data are in n (%) or mean (SD) unless otherwise specified.

* Data for current smokers.